<^o t^o^EST AND Stream. 
Yacht Deslgning.-XXV. 
BY W. P. STEPHENS. 
{Continued from page 157, Feb. 25.; 
^^^v 'lustrations accompanying this article are copyrighted by 
the Keuffel & Esser Co., New York, to whom we are indebted 
tor their use. 
Marking Instraments. 
Under this general head may be included: 
Pencil. 
Pen, Right line. 
Lettering, 
Ink. 
Colors. 
Brushes. 
The lead pencil is too well known to require descrip- 
tion; the poorer grades are of little use in drafting, and 
one make or another of artists' pencil should be used; 
every large dealer in instruments makes an artists' pencil 
under his firm name or a trade name, without attempting 
to say whether one is better than another, and if so, which 
is the best : if is sufficient to note that those in doubt will 
be safe in purchasing the pencils made by A. W. Faber. . 
It is an easy matter to compare by practical use other 
makes with this one, which has long been considered the 
standard. The grades of hardness are denoted by letter 
H, ranging from H to HHHHHH (six H). In some 
makes the grade runs up to HHHHHHHH, but there 
is very little work in practical designing for which a 
harder pencil than HHHHHH is desirable. For calcula- 
tions and free-hand sketching, grades as soft as HHH, or 
even HH, are used, but for mechanical drawing the three 
grades, HHHH, HHHHH, HHHHHH. With the latter 
a beautifully clean fine line can be drawn, but it is difficult 
to erase. A HHHH pencil makes a fairly fine line that 
can be erased without damage to the paper, a very im- 
portant matter. A good deal depends upon the skill of 
the draftsman; one accustomed to clean neat work can 
use a comparatively soft -pencil. The rule is for each 
man to use the softest pencil with which he can make and 
keep a clean, sharp and well-defined line; a question 
easily determined by trial of the three grades mentioned. 
Pencils are made with movable leads, the wooden shell 
being hollow and provided with a screw chuck at one and 
sometimes at each end. - These have the advantage of con- 
venience in sharpening and also of preserving the same 
length and balance; and the latter may be used with a 
chisel point on one end, and a conical point on the other. 
At the same time there is an objection in tliat the leads 
sometimes slip in the chuck, and in time the chuck be- 
comes loose in the wooden shell. 
The right line, or drafting pen, is one of the most im- 
portant instruments in the draftsman's outfit. It con- 
sists of two blades of tempered steel set in a handle, with 
some form of adjusting screw by which the distance be- 
tween the points of the blades may be regulated. One 
blade is nearly straight and the other somewhat curved, 
with a space of i-i6in. to 34in. between them at the 
middle of the length. The most common adjustment is 
a screw with a milled head, passing through the curved 
blade and tapped into the straight blade ; by tightening 
the screw the points may be made to touch, and when 
loosened they spring apart. In use, the space between 
the points of the blades is filled with ink, and the pen 
is drawn lightly over the paper with the inner or straight 
blade in contact with a ruler, such as a straight edge, a 
spline, or a curve. The ink runs from between the points 
and is deposited on the paper in a sharp line of any 
desired width. 
In some pens the outer or curved blade is hinged, so 
that it may be opened to a right angle for cleaning; in 
others both blades are fixed permanently together, and 
in cleaning they are simply allowed to spring apart a 
short distance by removing the binding screw. The latter 
are less expensive and rather preferable in use, as in the 
hinged pen there may be a slight side motion of the blades. 
The points of the blades are sharpened to the shape of a 
duck's bill, a broad round point to each, ending in a sharp 
edge. In some pens the blades are made to spring to- 
gether instead of apart, and the screw is tapped into the 
curved blade and rests against the straight blade, pushing 
the two apart. For drawing very broad lines, such as the 
borders of drawings, a border pen with tliree instead of 
two blades is used, and for parallel lines, such as railroad 
tracks, there is the railroad pen, a combination of two 
pens in one handle with an extra adjusting screw for the 
distance between the pens, as well as the usual screws 
for the width of the line. The smaller sizes of pens, used 
for fine shading and sectioning, are called hatching pens; 
they are about 45^in. long, including the handle. The 
larger pens run up to 6in. long. The greater part of the 
draftsman's work in ink is done with the plain drafting 
pen, such as Fig. 62, of ^Vz to sJ^in. in length, and with 
the pen point, similar to this, but without a handle, which 
is fitted to compasses and beam compasses. At least one 
plain pen is an essential item of the drafting outfit; when 
thoroughly familiar with it, the draftsman will be able 
from his personal experience to judge of the merits of 
various styles of adjusting screws, etc., and of the valtie 
for his particular work of such special tools as the rail- 
road pen, curve pen, etc. 
In Fig. 62 the pen has no hinged joint, and the points 
are so set as to spring together, being separated by the 
screw, which is tapped through the upper blade and 
presses against the lower. In the more usual construction 
the two points are so set as to spring apart, being drawn 
together by the screw, which is tapped into the lower 
blade. The upper figure shows the pen set for a very 
broad line, the lower shows it open for cleaning. 
The ordinary steel writing pen is represented in the 
draftsman's outfit by special fine pens {crow quill) for 
lettering, shading, etc. The round writing pens, for the 
speedy and easy construction of the German text, are 
very useful in lettering; their use is easily mastered and 
the round writing may be done much more rapidly than 
ths usual ornamental lettering, and yet may be made quite 
elaborate. 
The effort to use ordinary writing ink the right line 
pen is certain to result in failure, as many a novice can 
testify ; the proper material for this purpose is_ India ink, 
a composition of fine lampblack and a glutinous sub- 
stance, made in China and Japan. While the common 
writing ink corrodes the pen and soon ruins it, and also 
penetrates the paper so that it cannot be erased, the India 
ink is but slightly corrosive, and lies in a line upon the 
surface of the paper, being readily erased at will. All 
qualities of India ink are sold in the stores, some small 
cakes of choice brands, running up to a high price; but 
it is not always easy to obtain a satisfactory piece, and the 
price cannot be relied upon as a sure gauge of the quality. 
A comparatively small cake will last for many years in 
ordinary use. 
For some purposes colored inks, red, blue, green, etc., 
are used, these being purchased by the bottle ready 
mixed. The regular moist or water colors and camels' 
hair brushes with which they are applied, are used by 
draftsmen in the finishing of elaborate plans, as in archi- 
tectural work, but they hardly pertain to yacht designing. 
Erasing Instruments. 
No matter how much care may be used, it will at times 
be found necessary to erase ink lines from drawings, and 
.IS ioi the pencil lines, many of these are only put in on 
the assumption that they will be entirely erased after 
other lines are redrawn in ink. For pencil lines the 
common artists' rubber, of soft India rubber, is used. 
There are many variations, both of quality and color. A 
good rubber will remove the pencil marks without soiling 
or smudging the surface of the paper; if the rubber soils 
in time it may be cleaned, or brought to a finer angle, by 
means of a piece of fine sandpaper. For erasing ink lines 
a special rubber is made, with fine sand or pumice stone 
incorporated with the rubber. In addition to this a sharp 
steel eraser is necessary, though it should be used as 
sparingly as possible, as it cuts away the surface of the 
paper ^nd renders it difficult to re-ink. An indispensable 
appliance in connection with the rubbers is a piece of 
i 
Fib, 62— Right Line Pen. 
cardboard or sheet metal a couple of inches wide and 
twice that length, in which are cut several openings of 
different sizes and shapes, long slits and round holes. 
This piece is laid over the line to be erased, protecting the 
adjoining parts of the drawing. By means of it one can 
erase a line lying close alongside of another. 
In the higher branches of their arts, the naval archi- 
tect and the engineer are materially aided by various 
elaborate and costly instruments, which record automatic- 
ally the result of their measurements, and in some cases 
perform most difficult and complicated calculations. It is 
only necessary here to mention the principal instruments. 
The opisometer is a simple and inexpensive instrument 
for measuring the lengths of curved lines; it consists of a 
wheel which runs on the paper, covering the line, and a dial 
and hands, the latter operated by gearing from the wheel. 
The instrument is merely run along the line from point 
to point, the distance usually in feet and inches, being re- 
corded on the dial. ' ^ ■ 
The planimeter is an instrument for measuring the 
areas of plane surfaces, a tracing point being moved by the 
hand to follow the bounding lines of the surface and the 
result, in square inches or other units, being recorded on 
a cylindrical scale with a vernier. The integrator is still 
more complicated and costly, and in addition^ to the 
area of the figure it gives, on three separate dials, the 
statical moment and the moment of inertia. It is of 
great value in the calculation of stability and also of the 
strains to which vessels, girders, etc., are subjected. The 
inte graph is a newer and still more complicated instru- 
ment for the sarhe purpose, which gives the results in the 
form of curves drawn by it, instead of in figures. The 
three instruments are of great value to the naval archi- 
tect, and of interest to all designers. The planimeter 
is comparatively inexpensive, a good one costing about $30 
in this country. All three are of Swiss invention, and 
made only in that country. The integrator and inte graph 
are used by the Navy Department and a few professional 
designers, but they are practically excluded from general 
use in the United States by the high tariff and the in- 
cidental expenses of importation. 
[to be continued.] 
YACHTING NEWS NOTES. 
Messrs. Tams & Lemoine have placed an order with 
Lewis Nixon, of the Crescent Shipyard, for a steam 
yacht of their design for a Boston owner. She will be a 
full-powered boat, with steel hull and schooner-rigged, 
designed for a speed of fourteen knots. Her dimensions 
are: Over all, i66ft.; l.w.l, 148ft.; beam, 23ft.; depth, 13ft. 
6in.; draft, loft. 6in. She will have Almy boilers. 
The annual meeting of the Rhode Island Y. G- was 
held on Fpb. 27, the following officers being elected: 
Com., William B. Banigan; Vice-Com., Frank F. Olney; 
Rear-Coin., A. Homer Skinner; Sec'y, A. M. Potter; 
Treas., E. T. Herrick; Race Committee, Eup-ene Myrick, 
Charles G. Easton, J. C. Butterworth, 3d; Fred E. Tat- 
tersall, George H. Webb; Committee on Admissions, 
Ernest L. Fuller, George F, Brownell, Geor-ge C. Barton, 
Louis H. Tillinghast, Fred B. Wood, Nathan B. Horton, 
William F. Boon, Scott C. Burlingame, Samuel Brown; 
House Committee, Fred E. Field, Ludowick H. Til- 
linghast, Howard E. Barlow; Potter's Cove Committee, 
Festus S. Rand, Frank P. Eddy, Charles E. Eddy; Di- 
rectors, Herbert A. Capron. Frank P. Eddy; Measurers, 
CI arence H. Green, Fred S. Nock. The membership is 
347. 
Richard Suydam Palmer, of New York, died on March 
2 at Colorado Springs, where he has been for some 
months. Mr. Palmer had long been threatened with 
con.sumption, and last year he became seriously ill while 
serving aboard the U. S. S. St. Louis as ensign, having 
volunteered on the outbreak of the war. After returning 
to New York he was taken to Colorado Springs, where 
appendicitis developed, necessitating an operation, while 
he also suffered from tuberculosis, his death being ex- 
pected for a long time before the end. Mr. Palmer was 
born in New York in iSdS, and graduated from Columbia 
College in 1889, purchasing the Burgess schooner Mar- 
guerite in the same year and racing her for several sea- 
sons. He was enamored of a sea life, and spent much 
time in cruising. After several seasons in Marguerite, he 
sold her and purchased Tampa, disposing of her in 1898 
to the Emperor of Germany. During his ownership of 
Yampa he made many long cruises to the West Indies, 
the Baltic and the Mediterranean. Mr. Palmer was a 
warm friend of the late George A. Stewart, of Boston, 
and in 1893 he was one of the syndicate which aided 
Messrs. Stewart & Binney to build the fin keel Puritan 
for the America Cup races. He was a member of most 
of the leading social clubs of New York, and of the New 
York Larchmont and Seawanhaka Yacht Clubs. The 
body will be brought to New York for interment. 
The annual meeting of the Ncav Jersey A. C. Y. C. 
was held at the club house, Bayonne, on March i, the 
following officers being elected : Com., J. O. Thurston, 
cat Sweetheart; Vice-Com., W. W. Genet, cat Harbin- 
ger; Rear-Corn., W. E. Pentz, launch Tweeza; Sec'y and 
Treas., E. R. Grant; Chaplain, H. Meigs, Jr.; Meas., W. 
E. Wadman ; Fleet Surgeon, L. F, Donohue, M. D. ; Fleet 
Capt, W. T. Bernard, cat Drift; Yachting Committee, 
H. Meigs, Jr., J. O. Thurston and J. Gill. The opening 
cruise and dinner will be held on June 10, when a cup 
to be known as the Mission cup will be raced for. Sou- 
venir race day will be on July i, when three cups will be 
sailed for. A cup called the Crews' cup was presented 
and will be raced for on July 22. The Elsworth cup race, 
which is an annual fixture, will be held on July 29, and on 
Aug. 19 a cup preseiited by the coinmodore will be sailed 
for. 
Wanda, cat, has been sold by E. T. Bedford, to J. R. 
Suydam, who will race her on Great South Bay. 
Iroquois, schr., has been sold by Com. H. C. Rouse, 
Seawanhaka Cor. Y. C. to W. G. Roelker, of Providence. 
Com. Rouse has chartered Satanella, steam yacht, 
formerly Golden Fleece, for the season. 
Portia, c. b. cutter, formerly Mignonette, has been sold 
to A. 1. Brush, Williamsburgh Y. C. 
The Douglaston Y. C. is likely to profit during the sea- 
son by its move to a new location, and it has already re- 
ceived a number of applications for membership. The 
club has secured very desirable premises at Port Washing- 
ton, 250 by 300ft., with a house of fourteen rooms. There 
is a basin 200 by 200ft., with a depth of 8ft. at low water, 
while outside of this is a protected anchorage with 14ft. 
of water. The bay is close to the Sound, and easily en- 
tered at all times. Port Washington is within one hour of 
Thirty-fourth street. New York, by the Long Island Rail- 
road, with frequent trains. The club will lay out a three- 
mile triangle on the bay within view of the club house. 
Puritan, schr., has been sold by J. M. Forbes to Com. 
John O. Show, Jr., Cor. Y. C, of IMarblehead. Con- 
stellation, schr., has been sold by Bayard Thayer to 
Francis Skinner, of Boston. Both sales were made by 
Mr. Crowninshield. 
Inmer^ to ^amsfiand^nh* 
No notice taken of anonymons communications. 
C. T. B., New Bedford, Mass.— Jingo's number is 30,938, A. K. C. 
He is owned by Mr. N. T. Depauw, New Albany, Ind. Breeder, 
Mr. Edw. Dexter, Buzzards Bay, Mass. ^Vhelped April 14, 1891. 
Color, liver and white. Pedigree, by Mainspring out of Queen 
II., by Pontiac (6,720, Vol. IV.), out of Kent's Queen, by Kent 
of Floriss out of Kent Bitters. Mainspring by Mike out of 
Rotnp, by Change out of Romp. Mike by Bang out of Stella. 
PUBLISHERS' DEPARTMENT. 
OH Point Comfort, Richmond and Washington. 
SIX-DAY TOUR VIA PEN>;SYLVANl A RAILROAD. 
The third of the present series of personally conducted tours 
to Old Point Comfort, Richmond, and Washington via the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad will leave New York and Philadelphia on Sat- 
urday, March 18. , , 
Tickets, including transportation, meals en route in both di- 
rections, transfers of passengers and baggage, hotel accommoda- 
tions at Old Point Comfort, Richmond, and Washington, and 
carriage ride about Richmond — in fact, every necessary ex- 
pense for a period of six days— will be sold at rate of $34 from 
New York, Brooklyn and Newark; $32.50 from Trenton; $31 from 
Philadelphia, and proportionate rates from other stations. 
OLD POINT COMFORT ONLY. 
Tickets to Old Point Comfort only, including luncheon on 
going trip, one and three-fourths days' board at that place, and 
good to return direct by regular trains within six days, will be 
sold in connection with this tour at rate of $15 from New York; 
$13.50 from Trenton; $12.50 from Philadelphia, and proportionate 
rates from otlier poin'.s. 
For itineraries and full information apply to ticket agents; 
Tourist Agent, 1196 Broadway, New York; 789 Broad street, New- 
ark, N. J.; or Geo. W. Hoyd, Assistant General Passenger Agent, 
Broad Street Station, Pliiladelphia.— ^<ff. 
The Iver Johnson Sporting Goods Co., 408 Washington street 
Boston, Mass., dealers in all kinds of sporting goods, call special 
attention to the perfection of their $3.50 target rifle, octagon barrel, 
rifled true to gauge. Catalogue will be sent free on application. 
