Variation in the Price and Supply of Wheat. 
175 
chines, which formerly came from England, are now made to a 
great extent at home. In a variety of manufactures Prussia has 
gained ground, and in some instances has outstripped this country. 
Textile industry has also greatly extended ; the weaving of cotton 
flourishes wherever wages are low, as in Saxony, Silesia, and 
Westphalia, and especially in the Thuringian districts. Woollen 
manufactures have lately attained a superiority which has ex- 
tended their sales to all parts of the world. 
The manufacture of sugar from beet-root bears still more 
directly on the question of agriculture. This trade has met with 
the same enormous development in Pi'ussia as the manufacture 
of spirits from beet in France. Eight times as much sugar is 
manufactured as in 1844 ; the home consumption has increased 
from 5 lbs. to 10 lbs. per head per annum ; and the exports are 
very large. The distillation of spirit from potatoes, oil the 
larger farms, is also an increasing business. The spirit is 
exported to England, France, Spain, Portugal, &c., and much of 
it " finds its way " into wine, and is used in the manufacture 
of liqueurs. 
Of the total value of the exports about 52 per cent, fall to 
manufactured goods, and 19 per cent, to articles of daily con- 
sumption, chiefly the products of agriculture. The amount and 
description of the imports are signs of the wealth of the country 
and the progress of its industries. 
Bavaria. — The growth of wheat amounts to about 6 bushels 
per head of the population. The exports of manufactured 
articles already greatly exceed those of raw produce. This is a 
manufacturing country, highly favoured in soil and climate. 
Wine is grown on the Saale, in the Palatinate and in Franconia ; 
hops and tobacco in Franconia and Swabia. Among the agri- 
cultural products are sugar from beet-root, hemp and flax in 
increasing quantities, rape and linseed oil, silk, madder, on the 
Main, and a variety of flavouring and colouring and other seeds and 
plants. This sort of farming used to be carried on at Coggeshall 
in Essex, and in other districts, Avhere a lucky crop of onion- 
seed was worth more than the fee-simple of the land twice over, 
and carraway and coriander growers flourished independent of 
the price of corn ; but since the alteration of our tariff, seed- 
farming has found a home in the plains of Germany, where the 
climate is more favourable. There are good pastures on the 
banks of the streams and rivers. This is the chief cattle-rearing 
State in Germany, especially on the mountain pasture of Swabia 
and Jpper Bavaria, We need hardly add that the hops and beer 
are famous. Very little corn finds its way to the coast, the only 
available channels for heavy traffic being the Main and Danube 
Canal, the Lake of Constance, and the Rhine, by which means 
