202 
Variation in the Pi-ice and Supply of Wheat. 
vicinity are destroyed forthwith, the Government paying a remuneration at 
the following rates, viz. : — 
The total value of the cattle insured amounted, in the year 1861, to 
8,813,389Z. 10s. ; whilst, in the year 1857, it amounted to 7,602,129 ; this 
increase beins chiefly due to the non-appearance of the epidemic since the 
year 1857, probably owing to the precautions taken to prevent its reaching 
the frontier of the kingdom. 
Fopiihdion and Industries. — llae population of the kingdom of Poland at 
the latest census amounted to 4,840,466 persons. 
Poland is so essentially an agricultural country that little extension is given 
to manufactures, or industries in general ; the extraction of sugar from beet- 
root is, however, an exception to this rule. 
The improvements that had been introduced into the system of cultivation 
pursued in Poland during late years were completely brought to a standstill 
by the late insurrection ; the insecurity of life and jiroperty in the country 
districts, and the heavy losses of farming stock, particularly of horses, to which 
the owners of land have been subjected, rendering any continuation of these 
ameliorations quite out of the question during the past year. 
The late Imperial ukases published in the month of March of this year, 
■which make a complete social revolution in the country, and constitute the 
peasants the actual possessors of the lauds they had previously held on leases, 
and the numerous unsettled questions connected with the various rights, or 
claims, these peasants may have on the lands still remaining to the former 
projirietors, have naturally tended to depreciate (at least temporarily) the value 
of real property throughout the kingdom, and have created a state of uneasiness 
and uncertainty in the relations of the two classes to each other, the results of 
which can hardly as yet be calculated. It may, however, be supposed that 
the agricultural prospects of the kingdom are not likely to be improved by the 
fact of so large a portion of the soil passing into the hands of a totally un- 
educated class, without the necessary qualifications for good farming, viz., 
capital and energy. 
In the past year the principal cattle epidemic has committed great ravages, 
in consequence of the impossibility of maintaining, during the insurrection, 
the necessary precautions against the spread of this scourge. 
POLAND. REroRT by Mr. Consul Mansfield eor 1865. — The great 
social reforms which have been initiated during the last two years have 
caused great embarrassment, but will ultimately be of the greatest service to 
the country. 
The navigation of the Polish waters opened the 15th of April and closed the 
last days of November. 
Exports by Water. — Wheat 430,000 quarters ; rye, 240,000 quarters. Other 
com and pulse trifling. 
Average depth of the Vistula, 3 feet 9 inches ; the greatest depth having 
been 13 feet 4 inches in April, and the least, 1 foot 4 inches in October. 
The bad quality of last harvest, and the absence of forced labour, were most 
disast ous to the farming interest; and as a large section of the population 
depend entirely upon the cultivation of the soil, a great and general distress 
prevailed. The agricultural class are now pretty well alive to the fact that the 
old re(jime is at an end, and that henceforth they must depend on their own 
For an ox or bull 
For a cow 
For a heifer 
5L 5s. Orf. 
3 15 0 
2 5 0 
Report by Consul Stanton for 1862-3. 
