Variation in the Price and Supply of Wheat. 203 
energy and call in the aid of scit'nco to make up the deficiency of labour. 
Much attention is being given to manuring; and draining, and even to pasture 
land an attention is being paid which was belbre unknown, and the farmers are 
now convinced tliat it will paj^ best to get heavier crops from a smaller area of 
land. Much greater ])rogrcss would be made were there not sucli a total want 
of capital in the country ; and tlie bad feeling of the peasants to the better class 
is another source of loss and difficulty. Tlie arrangements connected with the 
peasant question are a cause of the greatest loss and inconvenience to the land- 
owners of the kingdom of Poland, more especially to the proprietors of the 
larger estates. 
18GG. — Crops abundant ; corn in many instances sold standing, as neither 
proprietors nor peasmts had money to live upon, or to pay for harvesting. 
Vast tracts must go out of cultivation for want of capital. 
The cultivation of beet root and manufacture of sugar has become a pro- 
fitable speculation, and also helps to withdraw capital from pure agricultural 
business. 
Iteturn of Orain Crop for 18G4. 
Wheat 1,440,000 quarters. 
Rye 4,750,000 
Barley 1,560,000 
Oats 3.100,000 ,, 
Potatoes 6,500,000 
Average price of wheat in Warsaw market in 18G5, 9 roubles (1 rouble =3s.) 
57 kopecs (2f = lfi.) per chetvert (5"77 bushels). 
A day labourer per diem, 50 kopecs ; a one-horse cart, 2 roubles 25 kopecs 
per diem. Population (which is found to be greater than it had been reported 
imder the old system of return), 5,155, 5G3, besides 235,811 in the town of 
Warsaw. 
Till the year 1819 the comnninication of the kingdom of Poland consisted 
merely of country roads and of rivers. From 1819 the most important roads 
began to be Macadamized and the more imjjortant rivers to be cleared from 
obstacles, and in 1825 the construction of the canal Augustov commenced. 
From 1842 the country roads began to be converted into high-roads of the 
second-class ; and finally, in 1848, the Warsaw and Vienna Kailway opened. 
Agriculture of South Russia. 
ODESSA, FcJmiary, 1863. Feom Ms, Consul-General Murray's Com- 
MEECIAL Report for 1862. — An opinion has been propagated in Russia and 
elsewhere that the corn trade at Odessa would bo ]mt to a disadvantage by 
recent railroads in Austria and Hungary, but i-ailroads will not compete with 
the rivers of South Russia in ordinary times and prices. 
Harvest, in 18G2, bad in Kherson and near Odessa ; good in Podolia and 
Bessarabia (and good in England and France) ; very little corn by the Dnieper 
that autumn. In September and October, 1862, fine Polish wheat sold, at 
Odessa, at 33s. to 34s. Gd. per quarter, while Hungarian, at Triest, cost 40s. per 
quarter. 
Inferior wheat, at Odessa, 23s. to 25s. Speculators expect to deliver wheat 
at Odessa, from Podolia and Bessarabia, at 3ls. per quarter, in May 1863. 
When the Russian Government has spent 300,000^. in rendering the Dneister 
navigable for iron barges from Khotin to the mouth of the river, 2,000,000 
quarters o( grain may be brought to Odessa, from Podolia and Bessarabia, at a 
cost of 2s. to 2s. 6d. for transport — and Odessa may then comjiete with the 
■world. America has been her most dangerous rival, owing to the canal and 
river navigation of that country, which is so much cheaper than railway carriage. 
