Eastburn Farm, near Driffield, Yorkshire. 401 
bear a tolerably strict relation to the accompanying physical 
features ; and the divisions of land appear to be the same as 
those which prevail over the whole Wold range. It is, therefore, 
desirable to give d short description of the geology of the Wolds, 
so far as it bears on the distribution of soils. Fortunately this 
can be done clearly and succinctly, as Mr. J. R. Mortimer, of 
Fimber, near Driffield, a well known local geologist and anti- 
quary, has kindly given me a description of it, which is con- 
tained, almost verbatim, in the following paragraphs * : — 
" The Yorkshire Wolds consist of chalk, which in many places 
and at all heights is capped with a few small outliers of late 
drift-clay and sand, and in many of the valleys of which a deposit 
of gravel is found. 
" (1.) The first and most extensive subsoil-area is that of the 
rubbly chalk, which is generally found immediately beneath 
the thin surface-soil on the northern and western escarpments of 
the Wolds, as well as on the southern and eastern slopes above 
an elevation of about 100 feet above the sea-level. On these 
slopes the surface-soil varies from 4 to 8 inches in depth ; it is 
light and porous, and contains a large quantity of small chalk- 
rubble, with flints of various sizes, both derived from the dis- 
integrated rock beneath. 
" (2.) The next extensive subsoil-area is that occupied by the 
outliers of late drift-clay which rest on the chalk, and which in 
a few places are substituted, and in others accompanied, by beds 
of a sandy character. In some places this description of subsoil 
is represented by a peculiar stiff earth, covering the chalk-rock 
to a thickness of from 1 to 4 feet, being sometimes of a loamy 
character, almost free from flint and chalk-rubble, and at others 
remarkable for containing a great quantity of native angular 
flints stained with ferruginous matter, though wanting in pieces 
of chalk. The soils on this deposit, which is mostly found on 
the hill-tops and the northern and western sides of the Wolds, 
are cold and 'unkind,' though deep, and in mineral character 
very much resemble the beds beneath, being, except where 
marling f has been done, easily distinguishable by the absence 
of fragments of chalk (See No. 3 on the map.) 
" (3.) The third, and least extensive, subsoil-area is occupied 
by a much water-worn chalk-gravel, containing angular and sub- 
angular flints, and a few pieces of transported rocks — such as 
* Mr. Mortimer has also been so kind as to survey the farm for me, and 
construct a geological map of it. This map is given on the opposite page, and I cau 
vouch for its accuracy, as it accords very nearly with one which was made by 
myself on the occasion of my visit there, in company with Mr. Torr, to obtain the 
materials for this report. 
t A large area of these deep soils has been marled during the last twenty years, 
but the greater portion has been done during the last ten years. 
