Eastburn Farm, near Driffield, Yorkshire. 409 
of preventing fraud, and of enabling the farmer to know the 
strength of the manure which he is using, appears ^ufliciently 
good and effective to be worthy of record and recommendation. 
'1(S per cent, of soluble phosphate is guaranteed by the maker, 
and the amount actually received is ascertained by the piirchaser 
forwarding to Dr. Voelcker for analysis a sample from the bulk, 
taken by himself. Payment is made according to the result of 
Dr. Voelcker's analysis, any deficiency in the percentage of 
soluble phosphate imposing on the manufacturer a fine, or 
deduction from the standard price, at the rate of 3s. per cent, per 
ton, while, on the other hand, any excess in the quantity of 
soluble phosphate has to be paid for by the purchaser at a 
similar addition to the standard price. 
This plan has been found to answer admirably at Eastburn, 
and at several other farms in the neighbourhood ; but some 
farmers still prefer to dissolve the bones themselves, although 
there can be little doubt that, provided the superpliospliate be good 
and pure, it is far more economical to purchase it ready made, 
as in most cases there is a great waste of sulphuric acid, — the 
modus operandi being somewhat unscientific. 
When the turnips are well above ground they are horse-hoed 
between the rows, and when the plants are large enough they are 
hand-hoed by a man with a 9-inch hoe, and singled by a boy 
who follows him ; a second horse-hoeing between the rows is then 
given, and hand-hoeing and singling are repeated at a cost of 
Gs. per acre for the hand-operations. All the roots are consumed 
by sheep on the land, except about one-tenth, which portion is 
carried into the foldyards and eaten by feeding beasts. The 
sheep have an allowance of oilcake with the turnips, as will be 
described presently, 
3. Spring Corn. — Barley follows turnips before peas or tares, 
and oats with seeds follow turnips as the genei-al crop of spring 
corn. After the roots have been fed off, the land is ploughed 
three inches deep, as soon as possible, to get into it what frost 
there may be during the winter and early spring, as no tilth is 
equal to that produced by frost. In the spring it is harrowed, 
and drilled with 3 bushels of Chevalier Barley about the end of 
March, or 4J bushels of Black Tartarian Oats in the beginning 
of April. A sufficient quantity of each kind is sown every 
year in seed-beds, so as to provide true seed for the following 
season. The seeds are sown upon oats, and not upon barley, 
the latter being considered the best preparation for the suc- 
ceeding crop of peas. It is also found on this class of soils 
in the Wolds that wheat is liable to " night-ripen " if it closely 
lollows a barley - crop. Indeed, so much is this adverse 
influence of barley dreaded in this district, that on one Wold 
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