Ayleshy, Rihy, and Rothwell Fat-ms. 
421 
shelter to tlie gate, and of more as affording an additional means 
of securing the diagonal support-bar. 
The posts are of oak, and are trimmed to be a little wider at 
the bottom than at the top, so as to give a little heel-fall. This 
fall is modified by the croaks being inserted into the post a little 
obliquely, the lower one being about an inch the nearer to the 
opening gate. In consequence of the former arrangement, tfie 
gate is made about 1^ inches wider at the bottom than at the top, 
the obliquity being in the heel. When shutting, the impetus 
should never be great enough to make the slam jerk the latch out 
of the socket. 
The latches generally used are ordinary wooden balance-bar 
bolts, hung by a staple and hook. A screw is driven half-way 
in on the lower side for convenience of opening, especially when 
riding. 
Drainage. 
At Aylesby about 300 acres of tillage and 100 acres of 
grass have been thoroughly drained with 3-inch D-pipes, 
at a uniform depth of a little more than 4 feet, the rows 
being from 8 to 9 yards apart, and the outfall-pipes from 4^ to 
5^ inches in diameter. No old ditch has ever been used as 
an outfall, but a system of Mr. Torr's invention has been sub- 
stituted for the more general plan. About 20 feet within the 
fence a line of outfall-drains has been laid with 4^-inch D-pipes ; 
a double set, or even three rows, having been used side by side, in 
preference to larger pipes, where a more capacious outfall was con- 
sidered necessary. These outfall-drains discharge into brickwork 
tanks sunk in the lowest part of the field, and covered with a 
wooden door. Small tanks of similar construction have also been 
placed at the angles of drains, and cap-tiles have been used at the 
junctions of ordinary with outfall-drains. The tank-mouths of the 
outfall-drains are set in the brickwork of the tanks, which dis- 
charge themselves into the main open drains of the estate. The 
great merit of this system is the complete control which is insured 
over the outfalls, and the facility of access to them. 
The landlord supplied the pipes and other materials, and the 
tenant found the labour, on a four-years' purchase tenant-right 
agreement. On the tillage-land the draining has always been 
done upon seeds, a thin sod being placed round the tiles ; and 
where economy of fall was necessary, as much as possible was 
reserved for the outfall drains, that being considered the great 
secret of successful draining. In proof of the correctness of this 
practice, we may state that it has not been necessary to take 
up a single yard of pipes. 
