Aijhshij, Rihy, and Rothicell Farms. 
435 
year-old colts, to fill up gaps, and they are kept until worn out. 
They are never bred, nor are they bought as a source of profit. 
The ventilation of the stables is accomplished by means of 
double ridge-boards in the roof, the ordinary ridge-tiles being 
raised by means of blocks, thus allowing of a complete and equable 
ventilation all over the stable, and without any draught. 
The stalls are separated by solid divisions, and the mangers 
are built of brick, with 2-inch tile bottoms, which are narrowed 
by the sides sloping internally. The front of the manger is a 
3-inch deal, with an oak cap. The stalls are furnished with 
a standing post, at a convenient place for the halter-rings, and the 
mangers are divided in the middle, so that each horse has its 
own feeding-ground. No racks are ever used. 
The horses are yoked in pairs, and always abreast, except in 
carting — the same pair of horses being worked together, if pos- 
sible, in every operation, and also stabled together all the year 
round. 
Single horses are not worked ; the carts are all pair-horse, and 
ploughing, harrowing, and drilling are all done by a pair of 
horses. The drags are worked with either one or two pairs. 
Pair-horse waggons are used for general purposes, and corn is 
delivered in pair-horse spring waggons of Mr. Torr's own design 
and construction. This waggon has a large turn-table, and both 
fore and hind wheels are placed well forward ; it will, there- 
fore, turn on its own ground. It has low sides and a large 
floor, rather high from the ground, as the fore wheels, in turning, 
go completely beneath the bed of the waggon to any angle. It is 
designed for the delivery of 10 quarters of corn by two horses. 
The first waggon of this description, which may still be seen 
on the Riby farm, gained the 20/. prize offered by the North 
Lincolnshire Agricultural Society, at its show at Gainsborough 
in the year 1845. 
The number of horses has not been lessened by steam cultiva- 
tion so much as was expected ; but much more heavy work is 
done on the farm by the same number of horses as formerly 
employed. 
Farmyard Manure. 
The manure made in the foldyards in the autumn and winter, 
up to the beginning of February (Candlemas), is carted out and 
used for the root crops, being put in the ridges as already de- 
scribed. That made from Candlemas and during the summer, 
by the cart-horses and a large number of cattle in boxes and 
foldyards, is partly used for such portions of the wheat crop as 
may require it, and the remainder is used in the autumn culture 
for the root crop, being carted out (except the stable manure) 
