436 
Farm Reports. 
and made into heaps in the usual manner, and a good deal of 
salt has sometimes been mixed with it. As a rule, from 6 to 8 
two-horse cartloads is the usual dressing for common turnips, 
and from 10 to 12 for swedes and mangolds. 
Aktificial Manuees. 
These consist chiefly of guano, superphosphate, and salt, and 
cost annually about 1300Z. The cake-bill is also nearly as heavy, 
the average consumption being 100 tons per annum. 
The Wold land was marled from 40 to 60 years ago, and is 
now being thoroughly invigorated by that means. The system 
of marling now adopted by Mr. Torr is essentially different from 
that usually practised. The pits are very numerous, and the 
chalk is distributed about the land by means of barrows and 
planks, instead of horses and carts, and is afterwards spread over 
as usual. The cost is Id. per cubic yard, and 80 cubic yards 
per acre is considered a good dressing. 
Laboue. 
The labour account of a farm measuring nearly 2300 acres is 
necessarily a very heavy item in the expenditure, although be- 
tween 500 and 600 acres are in permanent pasture and meadow. 
Mr. Torr estimated it roughly at about 60/. per week ; and on 
carefullv going through his accounts I found that it never falls 
below 3000Z. per annum. This seems a large sum for the number 
of acres under tillage, and I therefore analysed the accounts 
for the several farms, with a view of ascertaining the cause of 
so great an expenditure. The tillage-land at Rothwell and Riby 
does not cost more than 30s. per acre per annum, the 'whole 
of the additional money being spent at Aylesby. This might 
have been, to a certain extent, inferred from the fact that a large 
proportion of that farm consists of strong clay land, and that 
what appears on our map as chalk rubble is overlain by a thick- 
ness of 2 or 3 feet of tenacious loam, which makes it also very 
heavy to work. But beyond these facts there is also the very 
important one that at Aylesby are kept the valuable breeding 
herd of pure Shorthorns, and the scarcely less valuable flock of 
pure Leicesters. The large cost of making implements, as well 
as the wages of the ordinary carpenter and blacksmith, also come 
into the Aylesby account, which, if deducted, would leave the 
cost of tillage about 355. per acre. 
The wages given are very good, and generally comparable 
with those ruling on the Yorkshire Wolds. The ordinary labourer 
gets from 135. 6(Z. to 155. per week in money (according to the 
season, and the price of wheat), and he has the privilege of crop- 
ping a plot of potato-ground in one of the fields. The superior 
