Forest Faitning. 
457 
takes up the whole of Lis mangolds, has them topped and tailed, 
and put in pies, the roots being covered, first with straw, then 
with from 3 to 4 inches of earth immediately, an open space 
being left at the top until hard weather begins. Taking up, 
topping, tailing, and covering with the tops costs about 8*. per 
acre ; the covering is done by women, and one woman will earn 
at this work as much as 3.9. per day. It is the practice to begin 
using them, in small quantities, in September or October, and 
they are always thoroughly cleaned before they are given to 
the cattle. 
Potatoes. — The land is prepared in the same manner as for 
mangolds or turnips, but the rape-dust is more liberally applied, 
reaching as much as 7 cwt. per acre ; and the same quantity of 
farmyard manure is given as for mangolds. Planting is done 
between the middle and end of March, with about 15 bushels of 
whole sets ; pink-eyed regents are a favourite sort, though 
Scotch rocks and white regents are also used. The ridges are 
26 inches apart, as in the case of swedes, and the after-manage- 
ment consists of hand-hoeing where necessary, and then ridging 
lip with the double mould-board plough. At Ranby the potatoes 
are forked up and got rid of during the month of July, when 
the tops are immediately ploughed in, and mustard sown for early 
autumn keeping. At Morton Grange, however, it is not usual 
to plough up until October, when the crop is sent to the Man- 
chester and Sheffield markets. 
3. Barley. — As soon as the turnips are off, the land is either 
scarified or lightly ploughed, to keep the manure from being 
washed off the surface. Spring ploughing is done from the 
middle of March to the first week in April, about 5 inches deep, 
and as soon as the land is dry enough it is drilled with from 9 
to 10 pecks per acre of Chevalier barley, or " Poor Man's Friend " 
(at Morton Grange). On some land wheat is sown instead of 
barley in this course, as already described. Barley is harvested, 
in the same manner as wheat, at a little less cost; but on account 
of the redundancy of the clover crop in some instances, the 
Northumbrian system of setting it in separate sheaves is prac- 
tised on some farms. 
4. Seeds. — Formerly seeds were not sown until the barley was 
well up; but of late years the practice has been to sow imme- 
diately after the corn is in, and even in some cases to sow barley 
and seeds together. This last, however, is not thought the best 
plan, though sometimes it is the most likely to secure a good 
plant. When the barley is up it is by some farmers rolled 
lightly if the seeds are in, but, if not, the Cambridge roll is 
used, the seeds being sown and lightly rolled immediately after ; 
Mr. Hodgkinson, however, seldom rolls barley, and never uses 
2 H 2 
