190 The Agricultural Features of the Paris Exhibition. 
of beef cattle, it perhaps surpassed most in the dairy. As a 
butcher's breed it may be ranked behind the white Charo- 
lais of France, but, taking milking and beef properties to- 
gether, the question of preference is not so clear. For the 
purposes of labour the French breed is entitled to the first posi- 
tion. In France, therefore, where working bullocks are so 
much in request, the advantage all over might lie with the 
Charolais race. In Great Britain, where horses leave little to 
be done by bullocks, the advantage, perhaps, might lean the 
other way. For many years large numbers of Dutch cows were 
imported into England and Scotland, and extensively kept 
in the principal dairies in and around London and other large 
towns. They milk well, but when dry are not so easily 
fattened, nor are they so valuable when fat, as Shorthorn or 
Shorthorn-cross cows. Some store cattle for fattening have 
been brought from Holland to this country, but they are slow 
feeders, and have not paid very well. 
The characteristics of the Dutch race are very marked. The 
prevailing colour is black and white, in unmixed spots, some 
being gray, or "pepper" coloured. In general form this breed 
resembles somewhat the Shorthorn. The Dutch animals stand 
rather higher, that is to say, they have longer legs than the 
Shorthorns ; their frame is equally as long, and their quarters 
often as well-drawn-out and as broad. Indeed, their quarters are 
generally excellent, sometimes almost perfect, being long, broad, 
even, and as straight behind as could be imagined. The head is 
rather long, but fine ; the forehead is broad ; the eyes are large 
and bright ; horns are slightly turned forwards, and frequently 
black ; neck is slender and tapering ; breast is often a little 
narrow ; shoulder and fore-arm are not very powerful ; rib is 
pretty well sprung, and loins and rumps as a rule are excellent. 
The tail is usually well set, long, and bushy at the end. The 
leading property of the breed, as already indicated, is its won- 
derful milking powers. Thoroughly good specimens have been 
known to give over 40 litres (about 70 English pints) of milk 
in 24 hours ; and we were assured by M. D. Geode, one of the 
principal exhibitors, that his cows gave an average of 25 litres 
(nearly 44 English pints) per day all the year round. When 
giving such large quantities of milk as this, however, the 
animals have to be liberally fed ; and, as to their food, they 
are as a rule somewhat fastidious. The race is fairly hardy, 
and quickly adapts itself to strange soils and climates. It still 
has its head-quarters in Holland, but has spread and become 
popular over a great part of the Continent. Change of climate, 
soil, and treatment, have wrought modifications in the outward 
appearance of the breed ; but with all these, and wherever situ- 
