into Permanent Pasture, and the best Method of doimj it. 491 
mixed with storm-water and the drainage from some cottages, 
and flushed upon the poorer parts of the pastures which lie 
conveniently below. 
The occupier, a member of the Lincolnshire Farmers' Associa- 
tion, has used their mineral superphosphate (which is supplied 
to members at a low price, with a guaranteed analysis of 2G per 
cent, of soluble phosphate), in conjunction with nitrate of soda, 
with marked benefit upon the turf, corn, and turnips. The 
dairy cows, feeding beasts, and young stock, have been fed with 
cake through the greater portion of the year. Extra cattle and 
sheep have been bought and liberally fed whenever there has 
been room for them and a fair prospect of profit. 
The result of this mode of farming, carefully and intelligently 
pursued, has been the conversion of 80 acres of arable land, 
before unprofitable, into productive turf, which is improving 
year by year, and some of which is now worth 20Z. per acre 
more than if it had been kept in tillage, and this increase in 
the value of the land is alone due to the enterprise and capital 
of the tenant, the whole outlay, with the exception of the cost 
of the seeds, and a half-dressing of bones upon one field, the 
first permanently seeded, having been made by the tenant. 
There has also been a great improvement in the condition, and 
an increase in the produce of the old turf. 
The tenant, who, if he had continued to plough as widely as 
when he entered upon the farm, would have had difficulty in 
maintaining his position, has been enabled to make his farming- 
pay, although burdened with the necessarily expensive and 
tedious task of turning poor arable land into good pasture. 
An article which appeared in the ' Pall Mall Gazette ' last 
year, and attracted much attention, was headed ' More Grass, 
Less Beef,' and urged that the permanent seeding of land would 
result in diminished production of meat and dairy produce. 
Such has not, however, been the case on the farm in question, 
where the gross returns of these two items have been more than 
doubled. 
The number of labourers employed is less than before, but 
they are better paid, and the diminution of unprofitable and 
therefore often ill-paid labour is no cause of regret. 
Upon the same estate as the farm I have described are many 
farms similar in character, and naturally quite as good as the 
one I have described. Most of these are still farmed in the old- 
fashioned way without lessening the proportion of arable land, 
and without any great outlay in purchased feeding-stuffs or 
manures. Some of them, after frequent changes of tenancy and 
consequent loss of condition, have been let at an unavoidable 
reduction in rent. In other cases the tenants have notoriously 
