into Permanent Pasture, and the best Method of doing it. 495 
cent, soluble) were sown early in July, and three weeks later 
1^ cwt. per acre of nitrate of soda. 
A very strong and thick crop of rape and seeds was the result, 
and this was eaten on the land by young cattle and sheep, having 
cake, in September ; the field being then cleared of stock for the 
winter. On the 30th of March following, 2 cwts. per acre of 
dissolved guano were sown, and a luxuriant growth of seeds was 
eaten off by dairy cows and fatting sheep from the middle of 
April to the middle of May. Eight loads per acre of good rotten 
dung were then applied, and the clover was grazed by a mixed 
stock until October. On the 24th of March following, 1^ cwt 
per acre of nitrate of soda were applied, and the land was grazed 
by dairy cattle. One cwt. per acre of nitrate of soda, with the 
addition of 2^ cwts. of mineral superphosphate, was applied the 
succeeding spring. The field now forms part of a regular dairy 
pasture, the fences separating it from the older turf having been 
taken up when the turf became firm enough to bear heavy stock. 
The turf has passed through its most critical period, and is 
doing well. Some of the land where the stock do not lie down 
on the sloping hillside will require some additional top-dress- 
ing, otherwise the turf is well-established. The cost of the arti- 
ficial manures applied does not exceed hi. per acre, being less 
than the cost of one heavy dressing of bones or lime, and the 
economical result has been better than from one large and 
expensive dressing. 
In my experience, the most economical way of making new 
turf productive, or of sweetening and increasing the produce of 
poor coarse old pastures, is by combining the application of 
occasional light top-dressings of nitrate of soda and superphos- 
phate, or Peruvian guano, with the consumption upon the land 
of feeding-stuffs of high manurial value. 
Another field of very tenacious clay, 8 acres in extent, was 
permanently seeded in the same spring as the one last described, 
the seeds being sown on the 15th of April upon growing wheat. 
The wheat proved a strong crop, and smothered some of the 
seeds ; they have not succeeded as well as those in the other 
field, although they are doing fairly well. The field has already 
received two top-dressings ; and as it lies near the homestead 
convenient for the application of farmyard-manure, whenever it 
can be spared from other crops, I expect in a few years to make 
it fair turf. 
The comparative advantages of seeding down permanently with 
or without a corn crop depend upon a variety of considerations. 
here thoroughly bad tillage land has to be dealt with, it is 
often the best plan to sow the seeds without a corn crop. The 
VOL. XV. — S. S. 2 L 
