Pure and Mixed Linseed-Cakes. 
15 
richer in oil than it has been of late years, since the introduc- 
tion into America of improved machinery for crushing the seed. 
The oil uncjuestionably is the most valuable constituent of oil- 
cakes, and hence cakes that have been pressed very hard are not so 
valuable for feeding purposes as cakes to which a more moderate 
pressure has been applied. In the making of thin cakes the oil 
can be more thoroughly squeezed out of the seed than in the 
manufacture of thick cakes, and hence thin cakes, as a rule, are 
poorer in oil than thick. 
Marseilles cakes are usually made from clean linseed, but, gene- 
rally speaking, Marseilles cake is very hard pressed, and conse- 
([uently rather deficient in oil. This description of oil-cake, 
however, keeps well, and when finely broken up by a cake- 
crusher answers extremely well for store cattle. 
Hungarian and Neapolitan linseed-cakes often contain rather 
a larger proportion of wild oats and other cereal grains than 
should be present in pure linseed-cake, but as their price is 
lower than good English or American cakes, and their condition 
generally is good, they have been found economical and useful 
by the stock farmer. 
II. Materials used in the Manufacture of mixed or 
COMPOUND Feeding - Cakes, and the Composition, 
Structure, and Properties op various substances 
employed for Adulterating Linseed-Cake. 
The substances which are used in the production of com- 
pound feeding-cake or for adulterating linseed'Cake are very 
numerous, as is shown by the following lists of substances which 
have come under my personal observation. 
List of Adulterating 3Iaterials. — Rape-cake, ground or earth- 
nut-cake, earth-nut-husks, decorticated and undecorticated cotton- 
cake, beech-nut-cake, hempseed-cake, cocoa-nut-cake, cocoa-nut 
fibre, cocoa-cake, palm-nut-cake, palm-kernel-cake, palm-kernel 
refuse, Niger-seed-cake, sesame or teal-seed-cake, poppy-cake, 
castor-oil-cake, bassia-cake, curcas-cake, indigo-seed-cake, olive- 
cake, siftings-cake, carob-beans, acorns, rice-meal, rice-shudes 
(husks), oat-shudes, barley-shudes, bran and pollard, dari-meal, 
flax-chaff, rye, maize, and sawdust. 
1. Rape-Cake. — Rape-cake, when free from mustard, is a good 
feeding cake, and therefore largely employed in the manufacture 
of compound cakes. The best kind is green German rape or 
Riibsen-cake. Indian rape-cake generally is contaminated with 
so much wild mustard or charlock (Sinapis arvensis), that it is 
not safe to feed animals upon it. Several actions having been 
