Organs of the Animal Body : their Forms and Uses. 19 
To know much of the structures which go to form a man, a 
horse, or an ox, means a good deal of hard work with the knife 
and forceps ; but the stock-owner who is constantly employed 
about his animals can hardly avoid feeling some curiosity in 
regard to the arrangement of the parts of which they are formed ; 
and when he finds from time to time a sheep or lamb lying 
dead in the pasture, he watches while the shepherd cuts up the 
carcass in a rough way, and forms some idea, very likely a wrong 
one, of the nature of the injury which has caused the animal 
to die. 
But, objects the expert, the farmer should send for some one 
who knows all about the organs and their disease, and trouble 
himself no more about the affair ; in short, act as he does 
when his watch stops — apply to the watchmaker. Admit the 
force of this objection, and apply the same principle to all 
matters of farming, and we get an odd result. The farmer 
need not have a care. A skilful chemist will find out all about 
the soils of his fields, and select the proper manures. A 
botanist will decide as to the seeds to be sown, and will inquire 
about diseases which affect plants. Insect pests need not upset 
his peace of mind, the entomologist will manage them ; and as 
the live-stock of the farm will be in charge of the physiologist 
when in health, and of the pathologist when they are ill, he 
will be free from all care about them. The farmer's business 
is to plough and sow, to reap and mow, to buy and sell, and 
content himself with his cake and ale, and his evening pipe, 
after the manner of his forefathers of a few centuries ago. The 
writer of these words is by no means sure that the farmer of 
the present day would not be happier than, and at least as well 
off as, he is now if he took the words seriously, and followed 
the advice strictly. But, at the same time, he is sure that, 
good or bad, such advice comes too late in the day to be 
accepted. 
Taking for granted that the modern farmer must learn a 
good deal of which the farmer of old was, perhaps happily, 
ignorant, it is proposed in this paper to try to teach him a 
little of what scientists call anatomy and physiology — that 
is to say, in English, the several parts of animals and the 
uses of them. First, to avoid any doubt as to the scope and 
object of this essay, it is best to state at once to the reader 
that the whole subject has been written on over and over again. 
All that follows, and much more, is in print, in many large 
books which the farmer can read; if he likes, but most likely 
will not, and in this paper it is only intended to select facts 
and pictures already published, and make a very small book 
out of some very big ones. A list of the books which may 
c 2 
