from an Agricultural and Veterinary Point of View. 97 
twice with the first vaccine, and once with the second — has 
resulted favourably, no tumour appearing. This may prove to 
be the best method of inoculation for horses. 
It may be interesting here to remark that, whether moved 
thereto by Pasteur's success in protecting poultry from fowl- 
cholera, or inspired by some other influence, there were other 
investigators of this disease in the field, who came near the goal 
which was subsequently reached by the indefatigable master. 
In 1880, Dr. Toussaint, of the Toulouse Veterinary School, pub- 
lished the results of his inquiries and experiments, and we learn 
that for nearly four years he had been almost exclusively occu- 
pied with the study of anthrax, and especially practising experi- 
mental inoculation of its virus. These experiments led him to 
the discovery that sheep and rabbits were protected by injecting 
beneath the skin anthrax blood deprived, he believed, of the 
bacilli, either by filtration, heat, or even antiseptics. He pre- 
ferred heating fresh blood from a diseased animal to a tem- 
perature of 131° Fahr. for ten minutes, adding to it one-half 
per cent, of carbolic acid. A small quantity of this injected 
beneath the skin, gave rise to slight fever in three or four days, 
but which subsided on the fifth day. Inoculation with very 
virulent anthrax blood on the fifteenth day afterwards, produced 
no effect ; so that the animal was proof against it. When in- 
jected at the same time as the heated material, however, death 
ensued. 
Toussaint had, therefore, the priority of two years in dis- 
covering a means of securing immunity from anthrax, in 
modifying its virus by heat ; but, unfortunately, his simple 
method has not been found to possess the advantages or safety 
of Pasteur's cultivations, though Chauveau has endeavoured to 
improve it. 
Very early in 1878, Dr. Burdon Sanderson, the Superintendent 
of the Brown Institution, having received a money grant from 
the Royal Agricultural Society, undertook some experiments in 
anthrax ('Journal' of the R. A. Society, vol. xvi., p. 257), in 
which he succeeded in rendering cattle proof against the lethal 
inoculation of virus, by first passing the latter through the body 
•of a guinea-pig, which it had killed. " The rodents die, but 
the bovine animals inoculated with their blood or with the pulp 
of their diseased spleens, recover." And he adds : " The question 
whether this fact, like the analogous one of the mitigation of 
human small-pox by transmission, can be directly applied to a 
practical purpose, I leave to be determined by future inquiry. 
Its present interest lies in its bearing on the nature of the process 
of infection in anthrax." In 1879 and 1880, the experiments 
were continued by Sanderson's successor, Dr. Greenfield, and 
VOL. XXII. — s. s. n 
