Reformatory and Industrial Schools. 
Ill 
ment of Reformatory Schools for boys in several districts by 
voluntary and independent efforts : — 
" In Gloucestershire, by Mr. Barwick Baker, at Hardwicke, and by Miss 
Carpenter, at Kingswood, near Bristol ; in Norfolk, by the late Mr. John 
Wright, at Buxton, near Norwich ; in Warwickshire, by Mr. Adderley, at 
Saltley, near Birmingham ; in Worcestershire, by the late Joseph Sturge, at 
Stoke Farm, near Bromsgrove ; and at Newcastle-on-Tyne, by Captain W. 
O'Brien. These schools were all studiously founded in something of a spirit 
of contrast to Red Hill, which some thought to be on too costly and artificial 
a basis for general imitation, and aimed at the utmost cheapness and sim- 
plicity as to accommodations, and the closest personal associations and equality 
of teachers and inmates. 
" The Newcastle School was ere long removed to Netherton, near Morpeth, 
and is now, with its extensive buildings and large farm (above 400 acres), one 
of our largest and most effective institutions."* The other four have suc- 
cessfully survived their early struggles, but are considerably enlarged as to 
buildings and much modified as to arrangements and discipline. 
" The Hardwicke School was of great value, as encouraging the magis- 
trates and leading gentlemen of other counties to similar efibrts in their 
own neighbourhood, and in most cases on their own estates. Mr. Barwick 
Baker's personal example as a magistrate and landowner had far more 
effect in this direction than the work of a London charitable association, 
such as the Philanthropic Society, could have had. And, although sub- 
sequent experience has shown that rough accommodations, inconvenient 
buildings, and amateur or very cheap superintendence are more expensive 
and less efficient in the end than buildings planned and furnished for the 
purpose, and a comfjetent staff of officers, at least partially trained for 
instruction, and fairly remunerated for their labour, there is no doubt that 
the plain familiar style and tone of these earlier institutions did much 
service in essentially stimulating the spread of the Reformatory School system. 
Each school that was added to the list contributed a fresh quota of experience, 
and helped to show by the practical necessities of its own progress that there 
were certain conditions of subordination and discipline without which neither 
self-regulation could be taught nor mental and industrial training carried out, 
which are in fact essential distinctions between liberty and licence." 
REFORMATORY SCHOOLS. 
I. — Bedfordshire Reformatory. 
" The average number of boys in the school is 54. Their average age on 
admission is 13, on discharge, 17. The ages preferred are over 12 on admission, 
and over 16 on discharge. The past history of the boys is chiefly the result 
of parental neglect in all its varied forms. As regards the career of those who 
pass through the course of Reformatory training, from 75 to 85 per cent, do 
well, and become respectable members of society, as proved by the Beds 
Reformatory records during the last 20 years. An average of 7 hours per day 
is devoted to ordinary work on a farm of 50 acres of land, cultivated entirely 
by spade labour, a portion (about one-tenth) of which is garden ground. 
* This valuable farm school owed its establishment chiefly to the eflforts of 
the late Mr. Burdon-Sanderson, whose deatli from the fatal railway accident near 
Huntingdon deprived the school and many other public agencies of a moat able 
and conscientious adviser. 
VOL. XXII.— S. 8. N 
