204 Farmivg and Agricultural Training in 
XVI. — The Castle Howakd Refokmatory Faem School, 
YORKSHIEE. 
" The average number of boys maintained in 1884 was 80. Boys under 12 
are not admitted unless they have been convicted more than once. The 
average term of detention in the school is about 3 years, but we always ask for 
the maximum sentence, viz. 5 years, which enables us to permit the boys to 
go out on licence, subject to satisfactory conduct. The inmates come chiefly 
from the large towns in the North and East Kidings. They have all been con- 
victed of crime more than once, or are of known criminal habits. They go, on 
discharge, chiefly to tarm service, to which the greater part settle, becoming 
ultimately foremen, &c. The inmates are employed chiefly on the farm or by 
neighbouring farmers. A system of rewards by marks, which carry a fixed 
money-value, is carried out for work on the farm. Boys out on licence receive 
the whole of their wages, and pay for the clothing supplied from the Insti- 
tution at cost price. Their washing, &c., is done at the school gratuitously, 
and they come on Sundays to change linen, attend chapel, Sunday school, &c., 
returning to their places on Sunday evening or Monday morning. Plots of 
garden ground did not answer, partly from local causes. The farm consists of 
40 acres of permanent grass, 53 acres of arable land, and 2 acres of garden, 
held at a total rent of 145Z. 10s. The payments to inmates amounted to 
33?. 2s. lid., and to bailiff and other superintendents, 121?. 4s., making a 
total of 154Z. 6s. 11c?. The four-course system of husbandry by spade-labour 
is adopted. The following head of live-stock are kept : — 
Horses for Agricultural purposes . . . . 1 
Cows 5 
Other cattle 11 
Sheep 23 
Lambs 33 
Piga '23 
Poultry 60 
" During 1884 the following amounts were realised for farm produce : — ■ 
£ s. d. £ s. d. 
Live-stock (sales for cash) 209 12 0 
Corn „ „ 79 8 0 
Milk, &c. „ „ 6 18 3 
295 18 3 
Meat (supplies to school) 36 6 6 » 
Vegetables „ „ 59 12 6 
Milk, butter, &c. , 51 2 4 
147 1 4 
Total £442 19 7 
" The farm-buildings are good and substantial, but requiring re-an-angement 
and enlarging. After thirty years' experience, I conclude that, as a moral 
agent, farm-life is one of the best for boys of the class with whom we have to 
do. So far as future advancement goes, I believe it to be also valuable. It 
induces habits of quiet and intelligent observation, industry, obedience, 
l)unctuality, depcndableness, self-reliance, and self-respect. Where, in after 
life, it has been abandoned for more advanced duties, I have always found the 
boys able to compete successfully. Our dairy is only very small, but some of 
the boys learn to milk, and to wait upon the cows and calves, and also to churn. 
This experience pains them ready employment on the neighbouring farms, 
when they are ready to go out on licence. Besides cultivating our fami, the 
