Reformatory and Industrial Schools. 207 
here have heen convicted of crime. Daring the years 1881, 1882, 1883, and 
1884, 119 boys were finally discharged. At the end of 1884, 1 find that of 
these, 51 are employed as farm-servants, labourers, and teamers ; the rest are 
accounted for as follows: 16 soldiers, 13 mechanics, &c., 8 factory hands, 
2 book-keepers, 6 colliers, 1 sailor, 3 tailors, 2 shoemakers, 3 hawkers, 3 un- 
known, 10 re-convicted, 1 dead. Out of the whole (119) 105 are found to be 
doing well ; but of the 51 employed as farm-servants, labourers, &c., none 
have been re-convicted. About two-thirds of the boys are employed on the 
farm and garden, or in agricultural work on hire ; the others are employed as 
tailors, shoemakers, joiners, &c. All the boys are given a small wage, fixed 
by a system of marks, which are awarded by the labour-master in charge. At 
the beginning of each week a mark sheet is given to each labour-master 
(specimen annexed, p. 208), and is filled in daily with marks, according to the 
amount of work done. 
" Marks have a money value, and at the end of each week the amount 
due is carried to each boy's ledger account. A sheet is also made out weekly 
(copy annexed, p. 209), showing the number of marks earned by each 
boy, with money value, and this is hung up in the school, and remains till 
replaced by another for the following week ; but the amount is subject to 
deterioration by negative marks, given on account of work being imperfectly 
executed or of misconduct. The value of the marks is calculated as follows : 
— No value is attached to marks less than 9 in number, but 9 marks 
count for id. in the First Class and for id. in the Second; then every addi- 
tional 3 marks is worth \d. in the former case and \d. in the latter. Plots of 
garden ground used to be given to boys for gardening, but were discontinued 
on account of boys pilfering produce from one another. However, every 
encouragement is given to boys by extra rewards, &c., for striving to excel 
in any branch of industry. The farm consists of 80j acres of permanent 
grass, 34 acres of arable land, and 5 acres garden, all held at a rent of 
about 24s. per acre, without distinction. The cash paid in 1884 included 
221. 12s. 8d. as rewards ; placed to boys' credit, about 25Z. ; 136Z. 19s. 6c?. to 
labourers, including butter, vegetables, potatoes, &c. ; 69Z. 14s. to bailifi, 
including butter, vegetables, (fee. 
" The farm, as well as the other departments, is under the general manage- 
ment of the head-master; all farming operations are carried out by the farm 
bailiff, who occupies a house on the homestead, and his wife attends to the 
dairy. The cultivation of the farm and garden is to a great extent done by 
the spade, which affords healthful and useful employment for the boys. 
Trenching the ground to a depth of from 1 ft. to 2^ ft, has been largely 
practised here, with the most satisfactory results. The rotation pursued is : 
First year, green crops (turnips, potatoes, mangolds, &c.) ; Second year, 
wheat generally ; Third year, clover or oats, in the case of clover failing ; 
Fourth year, on clover-lea wheat, or else oats, according to the previous 
cropping. 
" Two horses are kept, occasionally three ; milch cows vary from 12 to 15 in 
number ; heifers under 2 years old and stirks, about 8 ; grazers taken in, 10 ; 
pigs of all ages, about 18. The value of the live-stock sold in 1884 was 
136Z. 15s. 2>d ; produce sold, wheat, 15Z. 2s. %d. ; milk and butter, 164?. 5s. Id. ; 
vegetables, potatoes, &c., 73Z. 8s. 9c?. ; agistment, 14?, 19s. ; sundries, 
5?. Is. 10c?. For school purposes: pork and bacon, 35?. 8s. ; milk and butter, 
85?. Is. lOd. ; potatoes, &c., 28?. 16s. ; sundries — coal, leading, &c., for Insti- 
tution, 32?. 10s. ; supplied to ofiBcers as rations : butter, vegetables, &c. 
37?. 5s. 8c?., making a total of 628?. 14s. M. All charges (actual or esti- 
mated) are regulated from time to time by market prices. Part of the farm- 
buildings are old, but on the whole the buildings are fairly adapted for 
purposes of farming. 
