the Farming of the Duchies of Schlesicig and Holstein. 313 
farm. The landlord has the right, personally or by his agent, 
to select the calves which are to be kept to replace the cast cows ; 
but in practice this right is not often exercised, and the tenant, 
being often a man of small capital, has a direct encourage- 
ment to sell those calves which will bring him the largest im- 
mediate return. For his own security the landlord generally 
stipulates for the payment of a year's rent in advance ; and, as 
a rule, this leaves the tenant with no more than another year's 
rent as working capital. It needs no explanation to convince 
English farmers that this system is unfavourable to the im- 
provement of the live stock of the farm, and to the introduction 
of improved machinery. " 
The law of Denmark also makes special provision for the 
encouragement of peasant proprietorship; and with this view it' 
lacilitates the sale of entailed estates, under certain regulations 
lor the investment of the proceeds as trust-money ; and further, 
a proprietor who sells tenemental land to the occupiers or their 
heirs, has the power (subject to the restrictions as to the size and 
individuality of farms) to add one-ninth the amount of land — • 
/. e. tonder of hard-corn — thus sold to his home-farm, if he wishes 
it. ^lany tenants have therefore, of late years, become the owners 
of their farms, often by obtaining a large proportion of the pur- 
chase-money on mortgage from the original proprietor. Official 
statistics show that the average price of land in the monarchy 
during the ten years 1860-69 Avas 225/. per tonde of hard- 
corn. In the last of tliose years (1869) the average price in 
.Jutland was 258/., and in the Islands 365/., the average for the 
kingdom being 296/. per tonde of hard-corn. In 1875 the 
registered prices had increased to an average of 395/. for 
Jutland, 472/. for the Islands, and 427/. for the whole kingdom, 
or an average increase of 44 per cent, in six years. Although 
land is generally bought and sold by the tonde of hard-corn, 
probably I shall not be far wrong in quoting 30/. to 40/. per 
acre as an average price for average land in Denmark at the 
present time, except in the case of very small farms, or those 
having exceptional advantages, for which an additional 10/. per 
acre might be obtained. 
Smaller than the peasant-farms, and subject to special laws, 
are the plots of land, with houses attached, which are rented by 
the huusmand, or agricultural labourer. The quantity of land 
attached to each of these houses must not exceed 1 tonde of hard- 
corn, and the conditions of tenure are matters of agreement 
between owner and occupier. The lease or agreement must be 
in writing, or in default the presumption of law is that there is a 
lease for two lives. The lease must not contain any stipulation 
for services of work in payment of rent, wholly or in part ; but a 
