348 Report on the Agriculture of Denmark, icith a Note on 
is ready to be skimmed, the tables are tilted at the back by 
. - J means of a small screw- 
Tie. y.—Plan ana Elevation of the • , , . 
%j . J MT jj. rr 7 i • 'nr n lacK, and the cream is then 
Skimmer used leith the Holstcin Mill;- i . , , 
setter in Mr. Westenholzs Dairy, near ^^^^y^? ^^to a trough by 
Horsens, Jutland. skim-scraper (Fig. 9), 
which travels on rollers on 
each side of the table. 
The temperature of the 
water at Mr. Pontoppi- 
dan's was about 48^ Fahr. 
The milk is set for 24 to 
3G hours, and the cream is 
churned sweet, by horse- 
power — or steam-power on 
large establishments — im- 
Plan. 
n 
Klcvatiou. 
mediately after the skimming, and at a temperature of about 54^° 
Fahr. On an average, 30 lbs. of milk will yield 1 lb. of butter 
and 2 lbs. or more of skim-cheese. The temperature of the water 
at ]\Ir. Vallentiner's, which was obtained from a well 60 feet 
deep in the chalk, was about 45^ Fahr., and the milk was 
skimmed a first time after standing 24 or 36 hours as usual, but 
it was also skimmed a second time before cheese-making. By 
this economy Mr. Vallentiner obtains about 1 lb. of butter for 
about 27 lbs. of milk, and his estimate of the gross value of the 
produce of an average cow is 17/. per annum, taking into account 
butter, cheese, and whey. 
Little need be said in reference to skim-cheese manufacture. 
The skim-milk is raised to about 88^ Fahr., and the rennet then 
added ; it is kept at this temperature for about half or three- 
quarters of an hour, and then raised to 98° Fahr., at which it is 
kept for a few minutes and the whey let out. The cheeses are 
pressed for 24 hours, and lever-presses and other dairy imple- 
ments of the best type are seen in the dairies of most of the large 
proprietors. 
In my Report on jNorway and Sweden I gave figures and a 
description of a circular butter-making machine,* which is occa- 
sionally seen on large dairy-farms in those countries, and is exten- 
sively used in Denmark. Machines of this kind are manufactured 
by Messrs. Caroc and Leth, of Aarhuus, and by jNIessrs. Hassel 
and Teudt, of Copenhagen. For farm purposes, machines 
having a diameter of from 30 to 45 inches are most in request, 
and cost from 6/. to 12/. each according to the size. They arc 
c:apable of making from 1 to 2 cwt. of butter per day, each 
machine requiring the attention of only one dairymaid. For 
smaller occupations, a straight machine (Fig. 10), on the same 
* ' Joiuu. Koy. Agric. Soc.,' Second Series, vol. xi., Part I., 1875, p. 225. 
