the Fanninfi of the Duchies of Schlesicir/ and Holstein. 355 
that the statement of the receipts and expenditure for 1865 '• is 
less satisfactory than it would have been had the crops not 
suffered so severely from the continued drought of that season." 
Contrasting the receipts for the two years, it should be remarked 
that the increase in 1873 is probably due, in a great measure, 
to the unfavourable season of 18G5 ; but it is also to some 
extent caused by the progressive fertility of the land, as shown 
by the quinquennial averages just quoted, and by the increased 
productiveness of the dairy, as exhibited in the decennial 
averages which precede them on p. 352, as well as by the 
recent increase in the price of butter. The increase in the 
expenses between 1865 and 1873 is no doubt chiefly due to 
the enhanced price of labour, especially that connected with the 
dairv ; but increased expenditure on artificial feeding-stuffs has 
also had a considerable influence on this side of the account. 
Meat Husbandry. — This description of agriculture is not 
pursued as the chief object of the Danish farmer, except in 
the northern and north-western districts of Jutland, and in the 
marsh-land districts on the west coast of that province and of 
the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. It will be more con- 
venient here to sketch the North Jutland system, and to describe 
the marsh-land farming when treating of the Duchies. The 
North Jutland farmers generally crop their land as in other 
districts of the monarchy, the course being of nine years' dura- 
tion, viz., (1) Bare Fallow ; (2) Rye ; (3) Barley ; (4 and 5) 
Oats : (6, 7, 8, and 9) Seeds, usually mown the first year and 
fed afterwards. Cows are kept by the smaller farmers to as 
large an extent as possible : the heifer-calves are almost in- 
variably killed as soon as they are dropped, and the bull-calves 
only kept on, getting milk until they are three months old, but 
not being allowed to suck the cows. The surplus milk is 
generally required for the household on these very small farms ; 
and sometimes one or two bull-calves may be purchased when 
a preponderance of heifer-calves has been dropped. Wten 
developed into yearlings, the steers are sold to farmers who 
have more land than the small breeders ; and at two years old they 
are again sold to still larger peasants. At three years old the 
bullocks are sold to large proprietors or tenant farmers, who occa- 
sionally fatten them in the stalls during the winter, but generally 
half do it, and pass them on in the spring to be summer grazed in 
the marshes, unless their own seeds are sufficientlv good for them 
to attempt it themselves. A farmer holding 100 tonder-land (136 
acres) would keep about 5 cows to supply the household with 
milk, and would winter from 36 to 40 three-year-old oxen which 
he had bought from the smaller farmers in the neighbourhood. 
Again, a peasant holding from 50 to 60 tonder-land (say 70 to 
