the Farming of the Duchies of Schleswig and Hohtein. 367 
portion of Shropshire blood. When he gets enough land laid 
down to grass, and can organise his labour so as to admit of 
extended turnip-cultivation, he will increase his flock of ewes ; 
but at present he is almost alone in that part of Holstein in 
growing any turnips, and in trying to get permanent grass above 
the water-level. 
Mr. R. M. Sloman, the owner of Lammershagen, is trying 
to induce his smaller tenants to grow turnips by inserting in 
their leases a clause compelling them to grow at least 5 English 
acres per annum ; and another stipulating that as each portion 
of the land comes into bare fallow it shall be drained, he finding 
the tiles and the tenant the labour. Mr. Sloman, however, 
is very far in advance of his neighbours ; a result which I 
patriotically attribute to some extent to his frequent visits to 
England, aided by his fluent use of the English language. 
Mr. Berndes keeps 200 cows on his farm of 1600 acres. They 
are chiefly of the Angeln breed, but he uses an Alderney bull. 
They are out on old seeds, or permanent grass, from the 1st of 
May until the end of November ; and in the winter are fed in 
the stables with hay, corn, and sometimes a little linseed-cake. 
As in Denmark, so in the Duchies, the larger farmers do not, 
as a rule, devote enough attention to breeding, but depend 
almost exclusively upon the smaller farmers for a supply of 
heifers to renew their herd. Of late years the increased cost 
of heifers has forced their attention to this matter, and the 
result is that some large farmers, like Mr. Berndes, are now 
careful in the selection of their bulls. 
A departure from Koppelwirthschaft principles may be seen 
on the farm of i\Ir. Petersen of Wittkael, near Schleswig, whose 
course of cropping is : (1) Wheat, (2) Mangolds, (3) Barley, 
(4) Clover, (5) Oats, (6) Beans. The farm consists of 140 acres 
of arable land and 30 of pasture. Eight horses, 30 cows, and 
70 ewes are kept. The cows drop their first calf when 2^ years 
old ; about 5 heifer-calves are kept, and the remainder share the 
usual fate of calves in these regions. During the summer the 
cows are soiled, commencing generally in the middle of Alay, 
with some hay added to the cut grass, but later they get nothing 
but the grass, cut and brought to the stables, until the middle of 
October. The diet is then changed to mangold leaves, with a 
little corn, but chiefly cake, viz., J lb. linseed and 1 lb. palm- 
cake per cow per diem. The sheep are a cross of Cotswold and 
Danish ; they clip an average of 4 lbs. of wool in the spring, 
and again 3.^ lbs. in the autumn before they go into the sheep- 
stables for the winter. About 30 ewes go out of the flock every 
year, and generally about 90 sheep are wintered. Between 5 and 
6 acres of lucerne are grown ; the crop is cut three times in the 
