the Farming of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. 369 
The general system of agriculture pursued in these districts 
depends upon the relative quantity of permanent pasture. Thus, 
in the Krempe Marsh, where there is little grass, but heavy 
corn land, comparatively few cows are kept ; but oxen are bought 
at about 3J years old from the Geest districts, stall-fed during 
the winter with corn and clover hay, and passed on to be 
finished off during the next summer on the rich grass-land of 
other marshes. In some of the lighter-land districts, such as 
parts of the Tondern Marsh, where there is a proportion of 
grass, but not of feeding quality, cows are kept and the calves 
reared, and sold at 2 or 3 years old, either in summer to go 
to the feeding pastures, or later in the year to be wintered as 
just mentioned. The smallest farmers in these districts fre- 
quently have not enough fodder or straw to enable them to 
winter their calves, in which case they are sold to larger farmers 
who do not breed so many as they can keep through the winter. 
Thus we see a repetition of the system already described as 
characteristic of the meat-husbandry of Western Jutland. Still 
another, and perhaps the most important, type of marsh is that 
which consists entirely, or nearly so, of permanent pasture of 
feeding quality. To these districts the cattle exported to England, 
whether direct from Tonning and Husum, or by way of Ham- 
burg, are sent to be finished off, and they are in consequence 
the great factory of fat beef in the Cimbrian peninsula. 
The course of cropping pursued on arable land varies con- 
siderably with its strength, and with the proportion of per- 
manent pasture on the farm ; but the following may be taken as 
an average rotation on good corn land : — (1) Oats after seeds ; 
(2) Beans; (3) Bare Fallow; (4) Rape-seed ; (5) Wheat ; (6 and 
7) Seeds. If rape-seed is not grown, the necessity for a bare 
fallow is removed ; the beans would then be succeeded by oats, 
which would be followed by wheat. Sometimes two crops of 
oats in succession are taken after seeds and before beans, and 
•on some farms the seeds are left down more than two years, 
especially where there is a scarcity of permanent grass. Mr. 
Schmidt-Tychsen, of Bohrendorf, near Detzbiill, in the Ton- 
dern Marsh, informed me thai in his neighbourhood the or- 
dinary course on ploughed land was (1) Bare Fallow; (2) Rape- 
seed ; (3) Wheat ; (4) Oats or Beans ; (5) Barley ; (6) Beans ; (7) 
Oats (when the land is good), returning again to fallow without 
any clover or other seed-course. The fallow-break is manured, 
but no other course in the rotation, unless it is the barley-shift, 
and that only occasionally. No artificial manure is used. 
Mr. Schmidt-Tychsen is the owner of over 300 acres in the 
Tondern Marsh, but he lets about 100 acres of by no means 
the best land at a rent of 57s. per acre for the summer months. 
