370 Report on the Agriculture of Denmark, with a Note on 
reserving to himself the winter grazing for sheep. On the 
other hand, he sometimes rents additional land as he requires it, 
and for the best summer grazing pays over 70s. per acre, viz., from 
April 1st to November 10th. Most of the land in his district 
is in grass, and on his own property he gradually reduced the 
area under the plough until he had laid it all down. Mixed 
farms are let at about 505. per acre, but good grass farms fetch 
70s., or even more. Cattle are not often put on the pastures 
until the 1st of May, and then, in his district, 1 bullock is 
allotted to 1|^ acre ; but if there is a good crop of grass a few 
sheep are added to the number of cattle, the general proportion 
being 20 oxen and 10 sheep to 25 acres. He gets from 
4Z. 10s. to 11. 10s. increase in the price of the bullocks in 
return for their keep for from four to six months. Shorthorn 
crosses with marsh cattle are bought in the spring at an average 
price of about 18/. per head when 4 years old. Few Danish cattle 
find their way into his district except cast Angeln cows, which 
can be bought at about 11. 10s. in the spring, and sold in 
the autumn at about 12/. per head. Sheep, generally of the 
Cotswold, Lincoln, or Leicester breeds, more or less crossed, are 
bought in the autumn at about 36s. per head, and in the spring 
they are estimated to be worth 48s., lean. They are not, how- 
ever, sold until after they have been clipped, at the end of 
April or beginning of May, the fleeces weighing about 7 lbs. 
each. The price obtained for the wool varies from Is. 6</. to 
2s. 3f/. per lb. There is no strict method in the farming of 
the district, but cattle and sheep are bought and sold as seems 
desirable, and sheep are sometimes bred. Sheep are kept on the 
land during the whole winter, but no oxen are kept during that 
season, except on farms which consist partly of ploughed land, 
where they are wintered on straw, rape-cake, tail-corn, beans, 
and bean-haulm. 
Further south, in the Tonning Marshes, whence come the 
famous Tonning cattle to the London market, agricultural 
practices differ little from those just sketched ; but as Mr. 
Hems, of St. Annen, near Friedrichstadt, not far from Tonning, 
was able to give me some more precise information as to his 
own results, it may be useful to give a brief account of his farm. 
He occupies nearly 500 acres of land, of which only about 80 
are under the plough, the remainder being permanent grass that 
will carry 20 bullocks to each 25 acres. They generally go off 
at 3J years old from the grass, weighing from 80 to 100 stone 
dead weight, but a few are kept on until they are 6 years old, 
when some will scale dead as much as 180 to 200 stone. They 
are bought at 3 years old, at about 20/. per head, and generally 
sold six months afterwards, fat off the grass, at from 25/. to 28/. 
