the Farming of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstcin. 371 
each, being sent direct to England, consigned to agents. Thr- 
system of breeding and rearing pursued in other districts is 
also in vogue here, the average price which a small farmer 
gets for his stock at 18 months old being 9/. for heifers as 
well as steers. At 3 years old they fetch double that money, 
or rather more in the case of good ones, the usual breed being 
the native race crossed with Shorthorn blood. In Mr. Hems' 
district the rent of very good pasture is not far from hi. per 
imperial acre from April 1st until the middle of November : 
but the winter grazing with sheep is not worth more than 5.9. per 
acre. Between 40 and 50 acres of land are mown every year, and 
with the aid of this hay Mr. Hems is enabled to winter about 
130 oxen, which are finished off on the grass next summer. 
He also buys about 120 more in the spring to be summer grazed 
on his own land ; but if he is able to rent more grazing, he buys 
more cattle in proportion. In addition to cattle, he keeps 60 ewes 
of the Wiedinghade breed crossed with Cotswold ; they clip about 
7 to 8 lbs., and from 60 to 80 shearlings are annually sold fat, 
weighing from 20 to 24 lbs. per quarter. Mr. Hems finds that 
grass-land in his district pays much better than corn growing, 
so he also, like Mr. Schmidt-Tychsen, has gradually increased 
his acreage of pasture. The new grass has been laid down by 
sowing the following mixture of seeds with spring wheat or 
barley, or preferably without a crop, the quantities being in lbs. 
per acre : — 
8^ lbs. Lolium perenne. 
16f „ Festuca pratensis. 
31 „ Festuca avena. 
16f „ Alopecurus pratensis. 
16f „ Cynoszirus cristatis. 
If „ Dactylis gloraerata. 
If lbs. PJiIceum piratense. 
16f „ Poa pratensis. 
16f „ Poa trivialis. 
25 „ Agrostis vulgaris. 
If „ TrifoUum medium, 
B\ „ TrifoUum repens. 
The young seeds are grazed for the first time during the 
summer following that in which the corn was harvested, and 
will even then fatten a large number of oxen. After this 
grazing, farmyard-manure is applied, and a year or two after- 
wards a dressing of marl and dung is given. I saw land that 
had been grazed only one year, and another piece that had been 
down six years ; both looked very good ; and the latter, although 
it had been stocked all the summer with oxen at the usual rate, 
had still plenty of keep on it. The arable land is cropped on 
the following four-course shift : (1) Oats and Vetches, turnips, 
clover, and peas ; (2) Wheat ; (3) Beans ; (4) Oats. Six working 
horses and ten labourers are required on the whole of the farm. 
The men are paid by the day, but are kept all the year round, 
though they earn more in summer than in winter, the average 
for the year being about 12s. Qd. per week. 
