the Farming of the Duchies of Schleswig and Hohtein. 373 
let to a manufacturer under two different contracts. On two- 
thirds, the manufacturer does all the work and pays the farmer 
about 6/. \0s. per acre, besides returning him 18 per cent, of the 
weight of roots in pulp without payment ; the manufacturer 
also conveys the roots to the factory and gives the leaves to the 
farmer, who lets them remain on the land as a manure. On 
the remaining third of the beetroot-course, the farmer does all 
the work, and is paid for the roots which he delivers at the 
factory at the rate of 18.9. per ton before the 1st of December, 
and 20*. per ton after that date. He also has the right to buy 
back 18 per cent of pressed pulp at from 125. to 14*. per ton, or 
SO per cent, of diffusion pulp at 65. per ton. 
Hand-labour for the beetroot-course costs 3Z. per acre, and an 
additional payment of 2s. per ton when the crop exceeds 16 tons 
per acre. An average crop is said to be 14 to 15 tons per acre. 
All the labourers are paid in hard cash and by the piece, except 
the unmarried men, who live on the farm. The younger men, 
or lads, get about 12/. per annum and their food, while more 
experienced men get proportionally higher pay. An average 
labourer working by the piece will earn about 45Z. per annum ; 
most of these men own their cottages and more or less land, 
sometimes only a small garden, but generally enough to keep a 
cow, or say from half an acre to 4 acres. 
In the neighbourhood of Heide there is not so much per- 
manent grass as in the Friedrichstadt district, therefore more 
cattle are bred and not so many fattened ; but Mr. Kahlke does 
not keep more than 8 cows, of the Marsh race crossed with 
Shorthorn, and the calves of these he rears. A small proportion 
of the clover is made into hay and the rest grazed with young 
cattle. He aims to keep two dozen calves and the same number 
of yearlings and two-year-olds, some being of his own breeding, 
and the remainder purchased from farmers who have no per- 
manent pasture. Each year 24 of these are fattened off on the 
permanent grass and are included in the 70 fat cattle which 
will be mentioned presently. He buys between 40 and 50 
24-year-old oxen in September and October, and gives them 
straw and beetroot pulp, or roots, with bean-shuds, oat-cavings, 
and sometimes a little cake, during the winter. About the 
beginning of May they, with about two dozen of the older reared 
cattle, go on the permanent grass, where they get fat during the 
season without artificial food. In this way about 70 oxen are sold 
every year, those purchased as steers coming in at about 16/. or 
17/. per head, and going out at 25/. to 27/. per head. 
It will doubtless have been remarked by readers of the last few 
pages that in the Marsh districts little if any attempt is made to 
stall-feed cattle in the winter. Several reasons have been given 
VOL. xir.— s. s. 2 c 
