the Farming of the Duchies of Schlesioiy and Holstein. 375- 
horns that they all partake more or less of the characters of the 
imported breed. The cut on page 374, from a lithograph pub- 
lished in 1847, will give a fair idea of a pure bull of the 
Eiderstadt race at that time. The colours are roan and white. 
With regard to the importation of cattle into Schleswig and 
Holstein, it should be mentioned that those Duchies are com- 
pletely isolated from the other provinces of the German Empire. 
I was informed that the pike-keepers and road menders are 
required to examine the papers, or permits, of persons in charge 
of cattle driven along the roads, and to ascertain that the cattle 
in their charge are duly authorised to be within the boundaries 
of Schleswig and Holstein. Time did not permit of my in- 
vestigating thoroughly this important matter ; and it would have 
been impossible to do justice to the subject in this Report. 
The Labourer. 
Since the date of Mr. Rainals' Report (1860), the upward ' 
movement in the price of farm-labour, which had even then 
begun to attract attention, has made considerable progress in 
Denmark as in other countries. In the kingdom itself, the 
farm-servant received, according to Mr. Rainals, 5/. lOs. per 
annum, together with board and lodging, in 1860, against 
21. 15s. to 3/. 15s. in 1846 ; and he now obtains from 8/. to 10/. 
per annum. These are the unmarried labourers who sleep on 
the farm, generally in a corner of the cow-shed or stable, or in a 
small room partitioned off from it. Dairy-maids now earn 5/. to 
6/., and their food and lodging, while, in 1860, their money-pay- 
ment was about 3/. 7s. The married labourers live in cottages 
on or adjacent to the farm, and Mr. Rainals states that their daily 
wages " may be estimated at from 10c?. to Is. 3fZ. for males in the 
summer, and about 7c?. in the winter ; for females at from 8c?. to 
lOcf. in the summer, and from b\d. to Id. in the winter ; but 
they receive no board or lodging." At present these figures 
must be increased to from Is. 3c?. to 2s. or more per day for men 
in summer, and 2c?. or 3c?. less in winter ; the rent of the cottage 
varies from 18s. per annum in the districts where wages are low 
to as much as 70s. in those where labour is more highly paid. 
These figures include the rent of a small garden or allotment ; 
but when keep for a cow and a couple of sheep, say 8 or 
10 acres, is attached to the cottage, the rent amounts to bl. 
or 6/. per annum. In such cases the cultivation of the land is 
done by the farmer, who is paid in labour, the wife as well as 
the man sometimes working in payment of each day's work 
done by a ploughman and two horses, say 1^ day's labour of 
both of them. In Holstein, on the other hand, there is a price, 
2 C 2 
