136 
Obscrvalions on the various Insects 
the bulb ; tlie galls arc probably caused by some fluid from the 
parent-beetle. 
These galls are formed in slimmer, and increase through the 
ivinter. 
The maggots most probably change to jnij}cs in the earth. 
The tvr7u'p-gall beetles are not uncommon in hedges, &c., in 
spring and summer. 
Partridges pick out these maggots, and are very fond of them. 
Anbuiy, I think, is not caused by insects; but the disease 
affords a suitable pabulum for many species. 
Anbury and fingers and toes two distinct diseases ? the former 
with knotted roots, the latter more forked. 
Mr. Dickson's observations on fingers and toes. 
Mr. Marshall's description of anbury : he considei's it caused 
by the puncture of an insect. 
u4 naked falloiv recommended as a remedy. 
Marl or chalk the most certain and lasting cure. 
Teathing the barley-stubble will cause anbury. 
Whether n et or dry seasons are most favourable to anbury 
seems to be doubtful. 
The long pudding-turnij) the most, the swedes and rounds the 
least diseased. 
In the tap-root, maggots, mites, rove-beetles, &c., were 
living. 
The knots on the roots solid, and in no instance containing 
insects. 
Certain conditions of the soil, and not insects, cause anbury. 
The maggots inhabiting the anbury lived through part of the 
winter, and produced the " Winter turnip-gnat'' very early in 
the spring. 
The mites may feed upon the larvae, or the eggs, of the flies, 
&c., deposited in the anbui-y, or they might ha\'e been introduced 
by the larger beetles which they infest. 
liove-beetles, called Aleocltara and Oxytelus, inhabit decaying 
turnips in multitudes. 
T'lieif are supposed to nibble and injure the roots of the young 
turnips, and they will also feed upon maggots : their own larvae 
are found with them. 
The Oxyteli are found everywhere, and inhabit dung in im- 
mense quantities. 
Maggots found in August, and earlier, in the crown, or just in 
the base of the tap-root, which do gieat mischief. 
They change to j^upce in the earth, and in three weeks they 
produce flies, called the cabbage-fly, Avhich live through the 
summer. 
Two species, of similar habits, are known upon the Continent ; 
