Denmark, Sweden, and Russia. 
205 
to the means of draining certain extensive marshy tracts. Among 
otlier results, it is stated that by lowering the lake Ramejou, at a 
cost of 14,000 dollars (800/.), 4000 tonner of land would be con- 
verted into good arable fields. Durham short-horns had also 
been introduced into this province, and prizes had been given to 
the best ploughmen. 
In Calmar the alternate husbandry and improved rotations had 
been introduced with such benefit as to Increase the produce on 
the home-farms of some of the proprietors to two or three times 
the amount of what could previously be depended upon. The 
o 
plough was beginning gradually to supersede the Ard,* even 
among the peasantry. The cultivation of the white beet, for 
sugar, was extending ; and an extensive manufactory of syrup from 
potatoes has been established. At the request of the Provincial 
Society, Mr. Stephens had also visited the district, and given much 
useful advice and agricultural instruction to the farmers. 
In the island of Gothland improvement is extending by the 
gradual reclaiming of the wide tracts of moor and marsh which 
there exist, and by the partial introduction of a rotation of crops. 
Rape, clover, and root-crops have been cultivated with advantage. 
Pupils who have returned from Degeberg, after completing their 
education, have brought with them the knowledge of improved 
methods of culture, have shown that they are locally applicable, 
and are gradually producing the conviction of their superiority over 
the modes usually followed. Experiments have been made in the 
cultivation of the beet and in the manufacture of sugar, and a 
bone-mill has been established, j Sixteen hundred young mul- 
berry-trees, sent from Stockholm, have been planted near Wisby 
(the capital of the island), and are thriving well. 
In K ronobcrg the surface of the land is covered with boulders 
and other stones to a vast extent — the cost of removal amounting 
commonly to 100 dollars a tunne land (about 14- English acres). 
This difficulty in the way of arable culture, the industry of the 
inhabitants is gradually overcoming,;|; and the use of the plough is 
o o 
* Ard, or Ardret, is the clumsy and inefficient native plough, 
•i- In a paper upon the use of bone-dust as a manure, contained in the 
' Transactions of the Swedish Academy of Agriculture,' complaint is made 
that bones could not be procured for crushing, in consequence of the high 
price given for them for exportulion to Enr/land. "And," he adds, "since 
we cannot give the price for manures which can be well afforded in a 
country where wheat tarings three times the price it does with us, the sale 
of bones must decrease unless the Government lay a duty upon the export 
of the article." 
X In ploughing up some of the old grass-fields in Northumberland, 
between North and South Tyne, I am informed that it has sometimes been 
necessary to remove as much as 100 tons of stones from a single field, at a 
cost of G/. to 8/. per acre. These stones are chiefly boulders of trap or 
whinstone, sometimes of large size. 
