Report on Drain- Tiles and Drainage. 
373 
dry summer the clay was acted on as well by the air from above, as 
from the pipe-tile at bottom, which caused the clay to crack, and by tliat 
means to carry the water down below the tile. The late rains, however, 
having in some measure saturated the deep subsoil, the water now runs 
from tlie tiles as clear as from a filter. No. 3 is totally different from 
Nos. 1 and 2. From being constantly worked during the summer the 
subsoil was prevented from becoming porous, and a considerable run of 
water has taken place from the mole as well as the tile-drains. The 
cost of the tiles used is 20^. per thousand, weighing about 1 lb. each, or 
8000 making a load of 3^ tons. I have no doubt but the next time 
the fields in question are sown with corn, water-furrows will be un- 
necessary." 
The preparation of a perfect cylindric tile, as now made by 
machine, seems to have originated in Essex, whence it travelled 
into Suffolk and Sussex, in both which counties it has taken root, 
as shown by Mr. Pusey in his paper "On Thorough-draining" 
in the last Journal ; since the publication of which, and in con- 
sequence of the stimulus excited by it, the Kentish farmers have 
vindicated their appreciation of the system by establishing pipe- 
tileries in the following districts : — 
1 in the parish of Penshurst. 
1 
Cranbrook. 
1 
)> 
Horsemonden. 
2 
Hadlow. 
1 
3 » 
East Peckham. 
1 
;y 
Yalding. 
1 
J9 
Cheddingstone. 
1 
Bennenden. 
1 
>> 
Tunbridge. 
It is calculated that from these ten little establishments 
1 ,000,000 feet of tiles have been already produced, of which the 
greater part is sold ; and other tileries are in progress. 
■ The machine is of the simplest construction, its cost being 
about 6Z. or 71. It consists of a mere frame of wood, having a 
cross-bench or platform, upon which is placed an iron cylinder 
about 17 inches long, by 65 inches diameter, fitted with the mould 
or die at its bottom. Its capacity is about 608 cubic inches, 
which bulk of clay suffices for the production of 24 pipes of the 
smallest, or No. 5, size. (See Table.) This cylinder, when filled 
with well-washed and pugged clay, is placed on the platform over 
a hole, and has an iron-ring on the top fitting the inside, upon 
which rests a wooden piston or plug attached to a cross-bar, 
which slides up and down in a groove formed in each upright of 
the frame. By means of a wooden axle connected by two short 
cords with the piston cross-bar, and a handspike, the man forces 
down the piston, and expresses the clay through the die. The 
