Report on Drain- Tiles and Drainage- 
375 
and the faculty of conveying them into the field by hand. Two 
men can carry on a hand barrow 240 to 300 of the ]>ipes used 
for the parallel drains, making 80 to 100 yards. Mr. Hammond 
has drawn 10,100 of these tiles, in one waggon, from the tilery to 
his farm, distant about 3 miles. Such a load of them is not re- 
commended for long journeys, and is only cited as illustrative of a 
valuable property which will be appreciated by agriculturists ; and 
it shows that these tiles are peculiarly suitable for stowage and 
transport. The breakage, with ordinary care, is very inconsiderable. 
The weights of all the tiles cited in the table are those when fresh 
out of the kiln, i.e. absolutely dry. The writer has found that 
the pipe-tile, when thoroughly saturated with water, weighs about 
one-seventh heavier. 
The following information was collected in Kent as to the 
practice, efficiency, and cost of draining with these tiles : — Mr. 
Thomas Hammond, of Penshurst (see his letter to Mr. Pusey, 
Journal, vol. iv. p. 47), now uses no other size for the parallel 
drains than the inch tile in the table (No. 5), having commenced 
with No. 4 ; and it may be here stated that the opinion of all the 
farmers who have used them in the Weald, is, that a bore of an 
inch area is abundantly large. A piece of 9 acres, now sown 
with wheat, was observed by the writer thirty-six hours after the 
termination of a rain which fell heavily and incessantly during 
twelve hours on the 7th of November. This field was drained 
in March, 1842, to the depth of 30 to 36 inches, at a distance 
of 24 feet asunder, the length of each drain being 235 yards. 
Each drain emptied itself through a fence bank into a running 
stream in a road below it : the discharge, therefore, was dis- 
tinctly observable. Two or three of the pipes had now ceased 
running ; and, with the exception of one which tapped a small 
spring, and. gave a stream about the size of a tobacco-pipe, the 
run from the others did not exceed the size of a wheat-straw. 
The greatest flow had been observed by Mr. Hammond at no 
time to exceed the half-bore of the pipes. The fall in this field 
is very great, and the drains are laid in the direction of the fall, 
which has always been the practice in this district. The issuing 
water was transparently clear ; and Mr. Hammond states that he 
has never observed cloudiness^ except for a short time after very 
heavy flushes of rain, when the drains are quickly cleared of all 
sediment, in consequence of the velocity and force of the water 
passing through so small a channel. Infiltration through the soil 
and into the pipes must in this case be considered to have been 
perfect ; and their observed action is the more determinate and 
valuable, as regards time and effect, as the land was saturated 
with moisture previously to this particular fall of rain, and the 
