376 
Report on Drain- Tiles and Drainage. 
pipes had ceased to run when it commenced. This piece had, 
previously to its drainage, necessarily been cultivated in narrow 
stetches, with an open water-furrow between them ; but it was 
now laid quite plain, by which one-eighth of the acreage has been 
saved. Not, however, being confident as to the soil having 
already become so porous as to dispense entirely with surface- 
drains, Mr. Hammond had drawn two long water-furrows dia- 
gonally across the field. On examining these, it appeared that 
very little water had flowed along any part of them during these 
twelve hours of rain ; no water had escaped at their outfall ; the 
entire of the rain had permeated the mass of the bed, and passed 
o(f through the inch pipes; no water was perceptible on the sur- 
face, which used to carry it throughout. The subsoil is a brick 
clay, but it appears to crack very rapidly by the shrinkage con- 
sequent to draining. 
A hop-ground, having a similar subsoil, was next examined, in 
which the drains were laid 25 feet asunder, and from 3 to 4 feet in 
depth, the length of each inch-pipe drain being 150 yards. The 
effects were here even greater than the foregoing, every pipe 
having ceased to run ; and, on digging, the ground broke up in a 
highly porous, dry, pulverulent state. As hop-grounds are annu- 
ally forked about 8 inches in depth, this may account for the 
somewhat freer descent and more rapid escape of the water. 
A turnip piece was drained in March of the present year, 24 to 
30 inches deep, ploughed and subsoiled 14 inches deep. The 
crop of swedes and turnips was a fair average, though the seed 
could not be got in till the last week in June. It was in an excel- 
lent state as regards dryness. The active soil of this piece was 
about 10 to 12 inches deep, and all below a very tenacious yellow 
clay. Mr. Hammond states that the turnip could not have suc- 
ceeded on this land unless it had been so treated. 
The result of this gentleman's experience is, that the cost of 
drainage with the pipe-tiles, at a medium depth and width 
asunder, is about 3Z. per acre, and that he is repaid by the first 
year's crop. The cost of cutting such drains, laying the tiles, 
and fiUing-in, in these clays, is ?)d. per rod. The work is capitally 
executed by the Kentish labourers ; and when a line of open 
drain, with the pipe-tile at the bottom, is looked at, every precon- 
ceived doubt vanishes as to the durable character and filtrating 
power of these small pipe-drains. It has been frequently asked, 
" How is the water to get into these pipes?" The more jierti- 
nent question would be, " How is the water to l)e kept out of 
them?" Mr. Hammond attempted to convey a spring of good 
water to his hpuse by settmg these pipc-liles in mortar, and 
ramming them up with clay ; but he did not succeed in keeping 
