the Mahinfj of Cider and Pcrrij. 
389 
Royal Russet . 
Wheeler's Russet 
Nonpareil 
Golden Pippin . 
Ribston Pippin . 
Pomroy . 
Margin . 
Pearson's Pippin 
Fearn's Pippin . 
Queen's Apple . 
. Best kitchen and good table fruit ; great bearer, 
and keeps well. 
. Good kitchen fruit ; keeps well. 
. Excellent eating applet not ripe till Christmas. 
. Very yellow ; old. 
. Slightly streaked with red ; excellent both for the 
table and kitchen. 
. Larger than the Jenneting ; ripens early. 
. An excellent apple, and good keeper. 
. Yellow; flat; very good ; baked for sweetmeats. 
. Beautiful scarlet ; good keeper. 
. Red and yellow ; beautiful and excellent fruit. 
In order to ensure the obtaining the most desirable sorts by 
means of grafts, the orchard from which they are intended to be 
taken should be carefully inspected in the previous autumn, just 
as the fruit is arriving at perfection, and the proper trees marked. 
The grafts, which should be taken off" in February, should be of 
the last year's shoot, and taken from the strong lateral branches 
of free and vigorous growth. Tlie ends may be cut off, and the 
part reserved should be about 8 or 10 inches long. They should 
be kept covered up in dry earth until the middle of March, which 
is generally the best time for grafting, as the sap then begins to 
rise freely, and affords a better chance of a successful operation. 
The immediate object of this operation is to bring the bark and 
young wood, both of the stock and scion, into close and perma- 
nent contact, by which means the vessels of the one are enabled 
to communicate witli those of the other. This is effected by 
several different methods, which have their various denominations; 
but that which appears to be most generally approved, in grafting 
young apple stocks, is what is called saddle-grafting, as affording 
the best means of bringing into contact a larger surface both of 
the bark and wood, and thereby giving a better chance of success, 
and also of preserving the graft firmly in its place. Grafting 
upon old stocks and large trees is performed by the method called 
cleft-grafting. These operations, however, require great nicety, 
and are generally performed by professional gardeners ; and as 
they can be learned by inspection and practice only, it is needless 
to describe them here. The principle is the same in all cases, 
namely, to bring a clean recent oblique cut of the corres})onding 
parts together, as mentioned above. They are then firmly fixed 
by a ligature of bass or garden matting, and preserved from the 
air by a thick covering of a compound of clay, horse-dung, and 
chopped hay, previously well blended together. 
If the trees are to be purchased from a nur.sery, ready grafted, 
and the sorts cannot be relied upon, they should be inspected in 
the previous suumier while in leaf; and those selected which give 
