Fust and Present State of Af/i kulturc in Ticla.ul. 4'lo 
may be practically adopted without any fear of disappointment ; it is 
upon this foundation that the practicability of almost every improvement 
I mean to suggest iu the cropping of your land must ultimately depend, 
and it is therefore indispensable to the success of any arguments 1 may 
offer, to place it before you in the clearest point of view, and remove 
from your minds every doubt wliatever upon the suljject. To draw tlie 
necessary proof, therefore, from what comes under your own observation, 
I may say, every day of your lives, and which must therefore have more 
weight with you than anything else I could say, I refer you with con- 
fidence to the exhausted miserable ])asture upon which your cattle are 
now almost universally fed, 2 to 3 acres of which are often barely 
sufficient to keep one cow alive for the summer months, but by no 
means to afibrd her a sufficiency of food. Now, 1 acre of good clover 
and rye-grass, 1 rood of vetches, and 3 roods of turnips, making up in 
all 2 acres, which are now allotted for grazing one cow in summer, 
taking a stolen crop of rape after the vetches, will afford ample provision 
for three cows the year round — for you all know that an acre of good 
clover will house-feed three cows from the middle of IMay to the middle 
of October; and with the help of a rood of vetches you will be able to 
save half the first cutting for hay to use during the winter: then when 
tlie first frosts, about the middle of October, may have stripped the 
clover of its leaves, the early-sown rape, which ought to be put in, ridge 
by ridge, as the vetches are cut, and the land well manured (if tlic 
seed has been sown by the middle of July), will be ready to cut and feed 
the cattle until the turnips are ripe. Here then you have plainly pro- 
vision secured until the middle of November ; and we have to calculate 
what remains to feed the cattle until the middle of the May following — 
for this purpose there is a rood of turnips for each cow. Now, an acre 
of the white globe and yellow Aberdeen turnip ought to produce from 
35 to 40 tons per acre; but supposing one-half to be of the Swedish 
kind, let us calculate only on 28 tons to the acre, which is not more 
than an average produce, even if they were all Swedish, and see what 
that calculation will yield per day for 190 days, which is rather more 
than six months. ]f an acre yields 28 tons, a rood will yield 7 tons, 
which being brought into pounds, will amount to 15,650 lbs.; and this 
divided by 190 days will leave 83 lbs. of turnips for each cow every 
day, which, with a small portion of the hay and straw you are possessed 
of, is a very sufficient allowance for a common-sized milch cow; and, 
over and above all this, you have the second growth of the rood of rape 
coming forward in March and April, wliich would feed all the three 
cows much longer than would be necessary to meet the coming clover 
crop, even in the latest season. 
" Here then the facts of the case are brought before you for your own 
decision ; and ]. fearlessly appeal to yourselves. Is it true that 2 to 3 
acres (I make my calculation on 2 only) are frequently allotted to 
graze one cow during summer ? and again, is it true that an acre of 
clover and grass-seed, a rood of vetches, and 3 roods of turnips, with 
the stolen crop of rape after the vetches, will supply food for three cows 
the year round ? I defy any one of you to reply to either of these 
questions in the negative. The straw of the farm in any case belongs 
