444 Past and Present State of AffricnUure in L-eland. 
to the cattle ; but in the latter case, where turnips are provided for food, 
it is chieily used for bedding : and the additional quantity of grain 
which will be raised by means of the increased quantity of manured land 
will always keep pace with the increase of the stock, and provide the in- 
creased quantity of bedding required. I think, therefore, I am war- 
ranted in considering my first assertion proved, namely, that the ground 
generally allotted to feed one cow will in reality supply food for three; 
and have now only to offer some calculations as to the accumulations of 
manure, which I hope will be considered equally conclusive. 
" During the summer months your cow, which is only in the house 
at milking-time, and perhaps not even then (for the practice is some- 
times to milk her in the fields), can afford little or no addition to the 
manure-heap, being upon the grass both day and night ; and even in 
winter and spring, whilst there is any open weather, they are always to 
be seen ranging over the fields in search of food : so that I think you 
cannot but admit, upon a calculation for the entire year round, the 
aniuial is not in the house more than eight hours out of the twenty-four, 
and it is only the manure made during this period which can be reckoned 
upon : therefore, upon this supposition (which I think is sufficiently 
correct to show the strength of my argument, if there is any truth in 
arithmetic), one cow fed, as I calculated on, in the house for the entire 
twenty-four hours will yield as much manure as three cows that are 
only kept in the house for eight hours (the quality of the food being 
supposed the same in both cases, and this would manifestly prove my 
assertion) ; namely, that one cow fed within would give as much manure 
as three fed without; and, therefore, when three can be kept in the one 
way, as I have already shown, for one kept in the other, it is as clear as 
three times three make nine that the result of the calculation will be 
just as I have stated : namely, that the farmer will obtain by the change 
of system nine times as much manure in the one case as he would have 
had in the other. Now, if after all that has been said, which seems to 
me at least quite convincing, any of you should be so astonished by the 
quantity of the manure thus proved to be gained, as still to have some 
misgivings on the subject, and be inclined to think that matters would 
not turn out so favourable in practice as I have shown in theory, I 
would wish any such person to consider one very material point, which 
I have not yet touched upon ; for in the foregoing the argument is 
founded entirely on the time the animals are kept within : viz., it is 
stated that one cow kept within for twenty- four hours will give as 
much manure as three cows which are only kept in for eight hours 
(the food being assumed to be the same in both cases) ; but it is quite 
evident that if the cow kept within should be fed with turnips, and 
bedded with the straw which the others are fed upon, leaving them 
little or no bedding whatever, that the calculation must turn decidedly 
in favour of the animal which is well fed and bedded, both as regards 
the quantity and quality of the manure ; so that it appears the estimate I 
have made is decidedly under the mark." 
However convincing the arguments here used may appear to 
most people, entire reliance was not placed in their efficacy. An 
