130 
Basic Cinder as Manure. 
Percentage 
composition 
Sulphuric acid ...... '2 
Silica 7-0 
Alumina 2 - 0 
Moisture, carbonic acid, alka- 
lies, &c H 
1000 
The slag, on being freed from metallic iron and finely pow- 
dered, has about the following percentage composition : — 
Percentage 
composition 
Phosphoric acid 16 - 5 
Lime 49-0 
Magnesia 50 
Ferrous oxide ll'O 
Ferric oxide 3'5 
Manganese oxide 3-5 
Vanadium oxide "2 
Sulphide of lime ..... "6 
This percentage of phosphoric acid is equivalent to 36 per 
cent, of tribasic phosphate of lime (bone-earth). 
By a modification of the process, under Schleibler's patent, 
by which insufficient lime is added in the first place to ensure 
complete dephosphorisation of the iron, a slag richer in phos- 
phates is obtained, containing 24 to 28 per cent, of phosphoric 
acid, which is sold under the name of " Patent Phosphate 
Meal." This modified process is not, however, largely used. 
The steel made by the Thomas-Gilchrist process is very free 
from phosphorus, containing from none up to about "06 per cent. 
Last year the make of steel in this country by this process 
was nearly 500,000 tons, and the total make in all countries 
over 2,250,000 tons, an increase of 320,000 tons over that of 
the previous twelve months. In England, the chief works using 
it are in the Cleveland district, at Middlesbro', and in South 
Staffordshire, at Wolverhampton. 
The following tables show the progress of the process from 
the commencement of its use till the end of last year : — 
TABLE Showing the Amount of Basic Steel, or Thomas- Gilchrist Steel, 
made Annually from 1878 to 1889 inclusive. 
Year 
England 
Other Countries 
Total 
Tons 
Tons 
Tons* 
1878 
20 
20 
1879 
1,150 
50 
1,200 
1880 
10,000 
40,000 
50,000 
1881 
4(5,120 
289,880 
336,000 
1882 
109,364 
310,630 
450,000 
1883 
122,380 
611,993 
634,373 
1881 
179,000 
685,000 
864,000 
1885 
145,707 
799,010 
945,317 
1880 
258,466 
1,055,105 
1,313,631 
1887 
435,040 
1,589,025 
2,021,011 
1888 
408,594 
1,544,640 
1,953,234 - 
1889 
493,919 
1,780,033 
2,274,552 
Totals . 
2,209,766 
8,636,632 
10,846,338 
