176 Annual Report fur 1889 of the Consulting Entomologist. 
Fig. 4. — Winter moths. Male and 
U'ingless females. 
By November 6 I had been for some weeks receiving informa- 
tion of appearance of the winter moths, and also specimens ; and 
I advised that where measures had not yet been taken to prevent 
the wingless females creeping up the trees to deposit their eggs, 
these should be attended 
to as promptly as possible. 
From the first observation, 
on or about October 11, 
until the middle of De- 
cember, notes of presence 
of the wingless moths 
continued to be sent, show- 
ing the necessity of begin- 
ning to band early, re- 
peating the application. 
Banding the trees with 
cart-grease appears to be 
the most practicable of the 
measures recommended, 
but care should be taken 
(as the mixtures sold under 
this name vary in com- 
position) to ascertain that 
whatever is chosen should 
not be mixed with tar or 
petroleum, or any other 
material liable to be in- 
jurious to bark, in suffi- 
cient quantity to make the application dangerous to the bark or 
tender outside wood of the tree. On old apple trees, where the bark is 
dead outside and too thick to be easily permeated, there is not much 
danger, but on young trees, where the bark is still very thin, great 
care should be exercised. The plan followed at the Toddington 
fruit grounds (where from eighty to a hundred and twenty thousand 
trees are being protected this season) is to wrap a band of the 
common thin grease-proof paper, such as is used by grocers, round 
the tree, to paste the overlapping edges together, andlay the 4 grease 
on the paper. In this manner the risk of the grease melting into 
the tree is avoided. 
Where measures of this kind cannot be carried out, care 
should be taken not to "grease-band" in the same part of the tree 
where it was applied last year. Various points are now under 
consideration from results of experiments of last season, which it is 
hoped may be of practical service when caterpillar time comes round 
again. 
FURTHER REPORT ON ORCHARD CATERPILLARS. 1 
In consequence of the great losses which have now occurred for 
several successive years, from attack of moth caterpillars, to the 
Fig. 5. — Mottled umber moth. Male, 
wingless female, and caterpillar. 
1 From report submitted on March f>, 1890. 
