Annual Meportfw 1889 of the Consulting Enlomoloijist. 181 
which the portions of the machinery which could be subjected to the 
treatment were exposed to the action of superheated steam. 
I drew attention to the attack last year, but from its continu- 
ance and spread, and also from the fact that, for obvious reasons, 
no miller or storeholder will warn his neighbours of their risk, it 
appears very desirable to suggest to all concerned that they should 
be on the watch, lest it should be brought into their premises ; and 
one most desirable precaution is scrupulous care as to the condition 
of returned sacks. The moths very especially lay their eggs on 
sacks, and brushing and baking would be most desirable precaution- 
ary measures. 
One characteristic of the attack is the manner in which the 
caterpillars web up the infested flour or meal into felt-like masses. 
"When full grown, these grubs are rather over half an inch in length, 
and of various shades, from white to pale flesh colour, with brown 
heads and some other small brown markings, and the little moths 
are grey, with paler and somewhat yellower and half -transparent 
hinder wings. 
In one of the first appearances of this infestation in one of the 
large London stores, the attack took hold so fast that one whole 
warehouse was rapidly filled (smothered, as it was expressed) by the 
grubs, and several hundreds of pounds' worth of damage was clone. 
In the Canadian outbreak, where I have knowledge of cost of opera- 
tions, damage from loss and preventive necessities was estimated at 
1,000/., and I have myself also knowledge of the heavy loss and 
excessive inconvenience caused in this country. 
After much investigation, it appears to be considered that the 
chief centres from which this pest has been distributed are the 
South European Mediterranean ports. Any details which may be 
desired, I would of course furnish on application. 
Warble Fly, Hypoderma bovis, De Geer. 
Warble attack receives constantly increasing attention. On 
March 5, 1889, 1 submitted the following abstract of information, with 
which I had been favoured in replies to my many inquiries regard- 
ing amount of money loss on hides from warble injury (during one 
year, or during the warble season) from several of the chief hide 
market companies or inspection societies — namely, from Aberdeen, 
Bristol, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Nottingham, 
Sheffield, ifcc. 
Quoting generally from these— as I cannot give full details in 
the space now allowable— the number of hides passing through 
these markets respectively are from about 30,000 and upwards to 
three or four times that number in the year ; in some instances the 
numbers exceed 100,000 in the year, and in two instances amounted 
respectively to about 130,000 per year, and to nearly 150,000. 
At one market where 30,000 were sold in one year, one-third 
of these— that is 10,000— hides were warbled ; the reduction in 
value (estimated at an average of o$. per hide) giving a total loss of 
