182 Annual Report for 1889 of the Consulting Entomologist. 
1,500/. — this estimate being given as under rather than over the 
mark. 
The estimates of loss per hide at the markets vary from about 
2s. 6c/. to 5s. or sometimes over that sum per warbled hide, and the 
average weight of hide from which the calculations or estimates 
are made is (where mentioned) about 651b. 
The exact proportion of warbled hides is difficult to ascertain, 
excepting at markets where hides so injured are classed by them- 
selves ; but these are given in some cases, and by calculation or 
estimate the loss at various of the above markets on warbled hides 
runs in the year reported (or during the four or five months specially 
known as the warble months) to sums of respectively 1,400/. ; 
1,500/. to 2,000/. ; 1,800/. ; 2,800/. ; and at one of the chief hide 
centres, where there is careful attention paid to inspection, the loss 
Fig. C>. — Portion of inside of tanned warbled hide. 
in the year reported was 15,000/. In the return from one town 
where the amount of cattle slaughtered per week is 700, the pro- 
portion of warbled hides during summer and autumn is fully one- 
third, and the average loss on these is calculated at not less than 
5s. per hide. 
It should be observed, however (as pointed out by two of the 
firms), that this original depreciation in value by no means represents 
the whole loss, because, after outlay of tanning, many hides are 
then found to be useless for the purpose for which they were in- 
tended, and this in some places is considered to enormously increase 
the loss, even up to twice the original amount. 
Neither does the above statement include hides taken direct 
by farmers and butchers to neighbouring tanneries, which are often 
Severely injured, and sometimes ruined for use, by warble perfora- 
