Best Means oj Increasing the Home-Production of Beef. 353 
be raised to the normal point — not in a vessel placed over the 
fire, which destroys the flavour, and to some extent alters the 
nutritive quality of the milk, but either by putting the separated 
milk into tins, and immersing them in boiling water, or, what is 
preferable, using a jet of steam. All the pails and vessels used 
for handling the separated milk should be kept scrupulously 
clean and sweet. The varying temperatures at which the milk 
is often fed, and the development of acidity caused by the use of 
dirty vessels, are the primary causes of scour and other irregu- 
larities of the digestive organs, inducing a mortality which 
frequently reaches 25 per cent. 
Neither stock-raising nor dairying can be separately carried 
on to the most profitable advantage — there must be a combina- 
tion of the two industries ; and this, again, involves a complete 
change in the general system of management, so far as 
regards the produce of the dairy. As soon as drawn from the 
cow, the milk must be passed through a separator, the chief 
difficulty on many farms being a suitable motive power. For 
small dairies, hand or horse power meets the requirements ; the 
40- cow dairies and upwards need something more powerful. 
In hilly districts, where water is available, a small turbine is not 
only the cheapest but the most satisfactory. On large occupations, 
where steam is generally used, the chief difficulty is that of cost. 
Having provided for this, there is yet another step — the factory ; 
this should be centrally situated and generally accessible. The 
cream is delivered daily from the farm, to the factory, where it 
is made into butter; or, during the summer months, a part may 
be sold as raw cream. On a moderate computation, an average 
cow will produce 220 lb. of butter during the twelve months, 
which, at Is. per lb., is 11/. ; by an additional outlay of 5/. 
per cow on home-grown corn and oily seeds, in part to supply 
the butter-fat abstracted from the milk, a calf can be reared, 
which inordinary times will be worth 10/. when a year old (with 
present high prices many have been sold for 50 per cent. more). 
A single calf would not consume the whole of the separated 
milk, and there would be a surplus sufficient to produce 200 lb. of 
pork, at 6<l. per lb. Having deducted the cost of the home- 
grown foods consumed by the calf and pigs, the gross return per 
cow is 20/. ; from this must be deducted the value of the meal 
and other home-grown foods fed to the cows. 
On every mixed occupation I entirely repudiate the purchase 
of foreign feeding stuffs ; the farm can and must supply all that 
is required for the production both of milk and of meat. The 
cropping of the tillage land must be regulated to meet the re- 
quirements of the stock. If the land is clean, and kept up to 
VOL. I. T. S. — 2 A A 
