Farming in Devon and Cornwall. 
525 
devoted to its growth and subsequent treatment, as was found 
to be the case on some of the competing farms. But through- 
out the two counties generally, there are numerous evidences of 
neglect of orchards in the past which will require some years of 
care aud attention to repair. The cost of this repair, and the 
question of whether it should fall upon the landlord or upon 
the tenant, may not infrequently be a reason for the present 
delay in undertaking it. A new tenant is naturally averse to 
making good his predecessor's neglect, or to providing trees from 
which no profit can accrue for some years, unless he either has 
a lease of sufficient duration to recoup him, or is secure of com- 
pensation when his tenancy expires. 
The difficulty is not insurmountable, whilst the beneficial 
results which are almost certain to follow ought to encourage 
both parties to join in its removal. Landlords will find it to 
their interest to provide the trees, and the tenants will reap 
full benefit from their after attention to them. Failing this, the 
Agricultural Holdings Act offers a practical solution. 
Cider. 
The manufacture of cider has long been associated with the 
farming of Devonshire, where the first British orchard is said to 
have been planted. In 1630 cider-making is mentioned by 
Westcote in his View of the Count;/, and in 1763 the then 
Chancellor of the Exchequer imposed an excise duty of 4 s. per 
hogshead upon the beverage ; but the inhabitants of the county, 
instead of disputing over the disposal of the duty after it was 
raised, attacked the root of the matter, and agitated so strongly 
against the duty itself that the Legislature was fain shortly 
afterwards to remove it. 
The cider produced annually in Devonshire is estimated to 
amount on an average to about 250,000 hogsheads, whilst that 
in Cornwall is put at 20,000 hogsheads. In the latter county 
the bulk produced is consumed at home, or sold to local inn- 
keepers, but from Devonshire between 50,000 or 60,000 hogs- 
heads are exported annually by cider manufacturers, of whom 
there are several in the county. The value of this exportation 
is put at from 100,000/. to 130,000/., whilst the value of the 
whole produce may be taken at from 250,000/. to 300,000/. 
Without entering upon the details of cider-making, it may 
be sufficient to mention that the processes of development 
adopted by the farmers of Devon take one of three forms, viz. 
(1) the simple grinding of the apples and placing of the juice 
after pressing in hogsheads, and leaving it there without any 
