526 
Farming in Devon and Cornwall. 
special after-treatment or attention ; (2) the careful manipula- 
tion of the cider, and regulation (checking or promoting) of its 
fermentation by a process of racking, fining, and matching 
after it has been placed in the casks ; and (3) the sale of the 
apples or of the pulp (" pomace ") at the " pound's mouth " to 
the cider manufacturer, who deals with it subsequently on his 
own premises. 
The first of these methods produces the hard or rough cider, 
which is preferred by the local consumer, and forms part of the 
remuneration given to the farm labourer, who, despite the 
modern " Truck Act," is unwilling to part with his daily allow- 
ance of cider. The other two processes result in that delicious 
beverage which is so much appreciated in London, Oxford, and 
other parts of the country. 
Live Stock. 
Devon is ahead of all other counties in the kingdom in the 
number and rank of its native breeds of stock. It claims two 
native breeds of cattle (North Devon and South Hammers), 
four of sheep (Devon Longwool, South Hams, Dartmoor, and 
Exmoor), and two of ponies (Dartmoor and Exmoor). Cornwall, 
on the other hand, can boast of no native breeds, but indulges 
mainly in crossing those of other districts. 
The " North Devon " breed of cattle is too well known to 
require description. Who that has witnessed the parade 
of these neatly shaped animals at the Royal Shows can have 
failed to admire their symmetry, their compactness of form, 
evenness of flesh, lightness of offal, and other attributes which 
constitute them so essentially the butcher's beast of the period ? 
All that the severest critics of animal form can find to urge 
against them is that they are " small "; but that is a merit which 
butchers nowadays profess to appreciate, especially when 
offered larger animals. 
These North Devons are almost the only variety found in 
the northern part of the county. Their hardiness and ability to 
thrive and fatten on high ground constitute them the most 
profitable animals for that district. A great stimulus has lately 
been given to this breed by the high figures obtained at Lord 
Falmouth's recent sale, where the highest price ever bid at a 
sale for a Devon was given by Mr. W. H. Punchard, of Totnes, 
who, with Mr. Williams of Caerhays, bought numerous animals 
for introduction into South Devon. 
In the southern part of the county the South Ham, or 
South Hammer, is the animal mainly kept. This, the native 
