676 Agricultural Administration in Austria-Hungary. 
Hungary, though constituting one body politic, as being two 
absolutely distinct countries, " as separate as England is from 
France," to use a simile employed by Professor Arminius Vambery 
— than whom no one can speak with more authority— in a letter 
to me dated November 26, 1890. Judging by all appearances, 
the two countries appear, indeed, to be united in little else than 
that the same head wears the crowns of both. 
For convenience the particulars relating to the two countries 
have, in the following pages, been grouped together under the 
same heading; but there is little in common between the two 
systems, and an attempt commenced early in this investigation 
to summarise the similarities and the divergencies of the two 
resulted in so hopeless a mass of reservations and qualifications 
that it w r as abandoned in despair. 
Austria and Hungary have their own separate and indepen- 
dent departments for all matters of internal administration, 
including, of course, agriculture. In Austria an additional 
complication arises from the Provincial Diets (Landtag), pos- 
sessed by all the provinces, and which have control over local 
representative bodies, and in part the regulation of affairs re- 
lating to cultivation of the soil, education, charity, and public 
works. All matters associated with agricultural legislation not 
expressly reserved to the Reichsrath, or central Parliament (such 
as the laws concerning taxes, imposts, and infectious diseases 
of animals), are in Austria regularly dealt with by the Diets. 
There are no Provincial Diets in Hungary and Transylvania, but 
Croatia and Slavonia have a Diet of ninety members between 
them. 
The Agricultural Population. 
Estimates differ as to the proportion of the people engaged 
directly or indirectly in agricultural pursuits. The Census of 
1880 gives a certain amount of information on the subject ; but 
as the figures of Austria and of Hungary are not calculated on 
a uniform plan, 1 it is impossible to give exact details. The 
Austrian census described 2,365,153 persons (or 10 - 7 per cent, 
of the total population) as landlords and tenants, 8,791,512 (or 
17 - 1 per cent.) as foremen and labourers, 5,697.076 (or 25 - 7 per 
cent.) as families of agriculturists, and 335,237 (or 1*5 per cent.) 
as domestic servants. Similarly, there appear in the Hungarian 
1 This is a defect attaching to all the statistics of the two divisions of the 
Empire. The returns for Austria and for Hungary appear at different intervals, 
for different periods, and are not made out on a common plan; so that it has 
been found very difficult to arrive at reliable figures which are strictly com- 
parable. 
