G82 'Agricultural Administration in Austria-Hungary. 
and the introduction of efficient implements. The great Exhibi- 
tion of 1851 attracted the attention of all the world to the improve- 
ments which had been made in machinery of every kind ; and 
one result of the original Crystal Palace was that a vast quantity 
of English agricultural implements was imported into Austria 
and Hungary, to take the place of the hand-labour that was no 
longer available. To this day English machinery has maintained 
its pre-eminence on the large estates of Austria-Hungary, though 
the trade connected with it is no longer so profitable as it used 
to be, on account of the competition of native makers. 
The greater attention paid to the cultivation of the soil has 
had the result that might have been anticipated — an immense 
improvement in value, so that the market-price of land has 
increased enormously since the change. In the fertile districts 
of Bohemia and Moravia, the rental of the best properties is, 
indeed, quite surprisingly high. 
The Great, or Seignorial Properties. 
It will be seen, from what has been said above, that whilst 
the laws of 1818-9 created an entirely new class of peasant- 
proprietors, they left generally intact the old class of great pro- 
prietors, whose estates are at this day as large as (and much 
better cultivated and more remunerative than) they were in 1 848. 
The new law did not deprive the great proprietors of their own 
estates, or of the privileges attaching thereto ; it only took 
from them certain feudal rights over the property of others. 
Although the tendency of subsequent legislation has been to 
limit the privileges of the great landowners, as in the recent 
law abolishing the exclusive rights of brewing and distilling 
(propination), the powers and rights given by their own estates 
remain undiminished. 
These properties are known as Grossgrundbesitz (literally, 
large estates), to distinguish them from the peasant properties, 
or Kleingrundbesitz (small estates) ; although there are to 
be found in the former class estates consisting of only a few 
acres, and in the latter some including several hundreds of acres, 
but not possessing the special privileges of the seignorial pro- 
perties. 
In Austria the two sorts of property are inscribed in different 
registers, called Landtafel for the seignorial properties and 
Grundbucher for the peasant properties. It is provided, how- 
ever, that the number of estates registered in the Landtafel can 
only be augmented by special authority of the Provincial Diet. 
In Hungary there is no such distinction, all properties of what- 
