Agricultural Administration in Austria-Hungary. 697 
All the other intermediate agricultural schools — viz., those at 
[celling, Chrudim, Kaaden, llaudnitz, Neutitschein, Prerau, 
)berhermsdorf, Czernichow, and Czernowitz — are organised ac- 
cording to one fixed plan. Pupils before entering must have 
ttended and have passed the four lower classes of an ordinary 
aiddle school. The aim of these intermediate schools is the 
raining of pupils for the practical calling of farm-managers. 
Che course of teaching is spread over three years, and comprises 
' 1) languages, literature, history, geography; (2) natural sciences ; 
3) the different branches of agricultural science. Natural science 
■ollections, laboratories, models, plans, and maps serve to illus- 
rate the lectures. Farms are not considered indispensable in 
connection with these schools, but they have nearly all their 
experimental fields and gardens. After completion of the three 
years' course, the pupils undergo a final examination and receive 
a certificate. 
The object of the intermediate schools of forestry is to 
train pupils to be practical foresters. Residents are required 
to have attended certain classes (4 to G) of an ordinary middle 
school, and to have had at least one year's practical training. 
The course lasts two years, and includes lectures on natural 
science and subjects in connection with forestry. 
At the school of vine and fruit culture at Klosterneubui'g, 
there is a two years' course of lectures, demonstrations, practical 
exercises, and excursions. Besides regular pupils, " visitors " 
who attend for a half-yearly term only, and " guests " who stay 
for a still shorter period, are admitted. 
The fees at the intermediate schools range from 3L \0s. 
per annum to 91. and upwards. There are scholarships and 
boarding arrangements at all, or nearly all, of them. 
Loiver Schools (Acker bauschule). — The third kind of 
education is given at 86 lower schools, which are again divided 
into general and special schools, as follows : — 
29 general agricultural, and 27 farming winter schools, with 
(in 1890) 329 teachers and 1,394 pupils. (The winter schools 
have been found especially useful in Bohemia and Moravia.) 
5 dairying and housekeeping (Haushaltung) schools, with 28 
teachers and 116 pupils. 
5 forest schools, with 15 teachers and 112 pupils. 
16 garden, orchard, vineyard, and hop schools, with 73 
teachers and 303 pupils. 
4 brewery and distillery schools, with 26 teachers and 128 
pupils. 
The lower schools of agriculture are intended for sons of 
peasants who have attended primary schools, and their object is 
