698 Agricultural Administration in Austria-Hungary. 
to impart sufficient theoretical and practical knowledge to en- 
able the students to farm their own holdings, or to act as bailiffs, 
farmers, and the like. The number of pupils is in some cases 
limited. The course is one of two years, and lessons are given on 
general subjects, natural science, and agricultural subjects, with 
demonstrations, practical exercises, excursions, &c. The schools 
are expected to possess collections, illustrations, models, imple- 
ments, maps, and a library. Pupils must be 16 years of age, 
aud must have passed an elementary school (Volkschule). 
The so-called winter schools consist of courses of lectures 
given during the winter months to youths who have passed a 
primary school. The course comprises in most cases two winter 
terms. 
The course of the dairy and housekeeping schools for girls 
is from six to twelve months. The object of the schools is to 
give daughters of peasants opportunities of gaining knowledge 
and skill in the management of a frugal household. Pupils must 
be 16 (in two schools 14) years of age. 
For the lower schools of forestry, pupils must have passed a 
public school. The course lasts one year, both theoretical and 
practical lessons being given. 
The lower schools of horticulture, fruit-, vine- and hop- 
growing differ widely in their organisation according to the 
particular purpose they are intended to serve. 
The object of the brewing and distillery schools is to give 
theoretical and practical lessons in these important industries, 
accompanied by chemico-technical exercises and experiments. 
Pupils must have gained a practical knowledge of the indus- 
tries in question before entering. 
"With many of the special schools boarding establishments 
are connected. The annual cost of maintenance in these appears 
to vary from 71. 10s. to 25Z. A number of schools have farms 
attached to them, others have experimental fields and gardens 
only. The number of pupils varies in the several schools from 
10 to 50. At the majority there are scholarships open to the 
pupils. 
Other Educational Efforts. — In addition to the instruction 
given at intermediate and lower agricultural schools, the 
Ministry of Agriculture organises special courses of lessons 
in general agriculture, fruit-culture, viticulture, dairying, 
veterinary medicine, horse-shoeing, and other special subjects. 
In 1889 there were 162 such courses, as against 125 in 1888 
and 109 in 1887, and tho number of pupils was calculated at 
10,000. 
