Agricultural Administration in Austria-Hungary. 701 
The course of study extends over two years, the school-year 
peing from October 1 to July 1. The fees for lectures are 
bout 71. a year; but there are eight scholarships of 12/. 10s. 
ach which may be won by students. 
A farm (of 465 acres) is an integral port of the establishment ; 
i meteorological station was also established in 1800, a trial 
Nation for agricultural implements in 18G9, an experimental 
station in 1873, and a seed-testing station in 1874. The total 
expenses for 1889 were 5,000/., and the income was 2,330/. 
Middle Schools. — There are four intermediate schools (Land- 
wirthschaftliche Lehranstalten) — at Keszthely, already referred to 
as re-established in 1865 ; Debreczen (established 1868) ; Kolozs- 
Monostor (established 1869) ; and Kaschau (established 1875). 
The pupils at these schools must be 16 years of age, and must 
have passed a high school up to a certain standard. The course 
of studies is three years, and is both practical and theoretical. 
The fees are about 4/. yearly, and there are six Government 
scholarships at each school of the value of 12/. 10s. The direc- 
tors receive about 170/. and residence, and the professors 120/. 
Farms are attached to all the schools, and there are also experi- 
ment, seed-testing, and meteorological stations. As specialities, 
there are at Keszthely fruit and hop gardens ; at Debreczen 
fruit gardens and osier-beds ; at Kolozs-Monostor, a veterinary 
' hospital (which treated 106 animals in 1888-9), the making of 
1 " Monostor " cheese from sheep's milk, fruit gardens, vineyards, 
and fish culture; and at Kaschau, vineyards, a botanical garden, 
and a distillery, which produced in 1888-9 (principally from pota- 
toes) 120 imperial gallons of spirits. At the last three schools 
boarders are taken. At Debreczen, pupils attending the first 
year's course are boarded and lodged at the farm, for which they 
pay 1 8/. At Kolozs-Monostor there is a boarding establishment 
for 46 pupils, 26 of whom pay nothing, and the remainder pay 
20 florins (less than 2/.) a month. At Kaschau, students pay for 
full board and lodging 20 florins a month. 
Lower Schools. — In addition to the above, there are seven 
lower agricultural schools (Ackerbauschulen) established and 
maintained by the State. These are divided into two groups : 
(a) for training farm-labourers and foremen, the teaching being 
chiefly practical ; and (b) for training managers of small farms. 
Pupils must be 17 years of age, healthy and strong, and must 
bo able to read, write, and reckon. They are bound to do the 
work to which they are put; and they receive board and lodging 
at the school, for which 12/. 10s. is payable. Part of this, how- 
ever, the pupil is able to earn by his own labour. The course 
extends over two years, and there are no fees for teaching. 
