IGO Report on some features of Scottish Apiculture. 
hoeing is done when the beans are well up, and the crop is cut 
with the hook. 
7. Wheat. — This crop follows potatoes and pulse. In the former 
case no manure is applied to the land, but in the latter it receives 
a good dressing either of farmyard-manure or of sea-ware. The 
whole of the break for wheat is ploughed from 7 to 8 inches 
deep after the potatoes have been taken up, say the middle to 
end of November. The land is harrowed and the wheat drilled 
at any time from the 22nd November until the end of December, 
according to the weather. Before drilling, the land will have 
at least one double and one single harrowing, and afterwards 
merely a single tine to cover the seed and level the land. Rather 
less than 2 bushels of Woolly or Rough Chaff wheat are sown per 
acre. The after management consists of one horse-hoeing wherever 
annual weeds appear, and of a top-dressing to such portions of 
the potato-land wheat as may seem to require it, perhaps the 
whole ; but no stimulant is applied to the manured wheat. The 
top-dressing consists of a mixture of 1 cwt. each of nitrate of soda 
and guano, put on broadcast in April when the wheat-plant is 
fairly growing. Reaping generally begins about the middle of 
August; but this year it commenced on the 9th of the month. 
The white crops are usually cut by machine : generally three 
machines are working together, but a fourth is kept on the farm 
as an adjunct, or in case of accident. 
Until the last one or two years, however, the reaping-ma- 
chine did not come into favour with Mr. Murray ; his crops were 
very heav}-, and overpowered the machines which he had tried ; 
but recent improvements have nearly removed his objections, 
and he now uses machines for most, if not all, of his grain-crop. 
Wheat is cut early, before it exhibits the " sere and yellow " leaf 
and stalk. A shorter or longer period, according to the season, is 
necessary to put the cut grain into proper order for stacking. 
Sometimes three or four days are sufficient ; at other times fourteen 
or fifteen days are not too much. In carrying, four stackers are 
generally set to work, each having two carters, and they one 
forker ; the stacker has a stout boy on the stack, to put the 
sheaves to the hands of the stacker, and otherwise assist him. 
A few extra hands are always required in harvest. Formerly, a 
great many Irish reapers were employed, but now the machines 
are in use a small number only are needed. Everything is done 
by day-work. 
Seed. — The best Scotch farmers are very particular about their 
seed, and Mr. Murray's practice in this matter is by no means 
exceptional across the border. He gets wheat generally every 
year from the south, as this crop does well coming from a slightly 
warmer climate. Seed-oats, on the contrary, are invariably ob- 
