178 Report on some features of Scottish Agriculture. 
climate requiring tlie use of as much as 4 bustels per Scotch 
acre ; but if the land is dry enough the broadcast machine is 
preferred. The harrow follows the seed, and the guano is applied 
at the same time. About the 1st of April a top-dressing of from 
2 to 3 cwts. per acre of dissolved bones is sown on the braird, if 
it is thought desirable ; for observation has taught Mr. Wright 
that while guano enables the plant to "come away" dui^ing the 
winter, dissolved bones give firm straw and better grain. After 
top-dressing the plant is harrowed and then remains until ready 
for the reaping-machine, which is generally about September 1st. 
Harvesting is done as already described for oats. 
Beans. — If the wheat-stubble is clean, the manure for this 
crop is placed directly upon it ; but if the land is not clean 
enough the stubble is turned over and the manure is put into the 
drills in the spring. The manured stubble is ploughed deeply 
in autumn and broken down with harrows in spring ; it is then 
marked out by a plough in 12-feet stetches to suit the broadcast 
sower, which follows immediately, sowing the beans on the surface. 
The seed is ploughed in with a light furrow, a light harrow 
follows, and finally the land is smoothed down with a roller. 
These operations are performed about the middle of March, 
following one another as rapidly as possible. 
The method pursued on the land which has not been manured 
in the autumn is the ordinary system of drills, 27 inches apart, 
as will be described below when treating of potato-culture. 
The after-management of beans is the same as that of turnips. 
They are harvested after the grain-crops are in, the cutting being 
done by reapers after each drill has been gone over by hoers to 
bury stones, and thus prevent injury to the machines. Bean- 
straw is used only for litter. 
Wlieat after Beans. — The bean-stubblc requires to be turned 
over, grubbed, harrowed, and thoroughly worked immediately 
after harvest, to destroy the insect that harbours in the bean-stalk, 
and that would otherwise frequently attack the roots of the wheat- 
plant. As soon as possible after New Year's Day the land is 
ploughed, sown, and otherwise managed in the same manner as 
in the other wheat-course. 
Seeds. — The mixture used consists of 1 bushel of perennial 
rye-grass, 1 peck of Italian rye-grass, 4 lbs. of red clover, 3 lbs. of 
white clover, and 2 lbs. of alsike ; and on the hilly land 1 lb. of 
trefoil is added. The seeds are sown about the middle of April 
by the broadcast machine, a heavy harrow preceding it on the 
strong clay land to prepare a tilth for their reception. 
Sheep generally get a run over the young seeds for a few days 
in the autumn, care being taken that they do no injury. Early in 
the following spring a top-dressing is applied, consisting of a 
